Internet-Draft | xwing | March 2024 |
Connolly, et al. | Expires 27 September 2024 | [Page] |
This memo defines X-Wing, a general-purpose post-quantum/traditional hybrid key encapsulation mechanism (PQ/T KEM) built on X25519 and ML-KEM-768.¶
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://dconnolly.github.io/draft-connolly-cfrg-xwing-kem/draft-connolly-cfrg-xwing-kem.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-connolly-cfrg-xwing-kem/.¶
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Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/dconnolly/draft-connolly-cfrg-xwing-kem.¶
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X-Wing uses ML-KEM-768, which has not been standardised yet. Thus X-Wing is not finished, yet, and should not be used, yet.¶
There are many choices that can be made when specifying a hybrid KEM: the constituent KEMs; their security levels; the combiner; and the hash within, to name but a few. Having too many similar options are a burden to the ecosystem.¶
The aim of X-Wing is to provide a concrete, simple choice for post-quantum hybrid KEM, that should be suitable for the vast majority of use cases.¶
By making concrete choices, we can simplify and improve many aspects of X-Wing.¶
Simplicity of definition. Because all shared secrets and cipher texts are fixed length, we do not need to encode the length. Using SHA3-256, we do not need HMAC-based construction. For the concrete choice of ML-KEM-768, we do not need to mix in its ciphertext, see Section 6.¶
Security analysis. Because ML-KEM-768 already assumes the Quantum Random Oracle Model (QROM), we do not need to complicate the analysis of X-Wing by considering stronger models.¶
Performance. Not having to mix in the ML-KEM-768 ciphertext is a nice performance benefit. Furthermore, by using SHA3-256 in the combiner, which matches the hashing in ML-KEM-768, this hash can be computed in one go on platforms where two-way Keccak is available.¶
We aim for "128 bits" security (NIST PQC level 1). Although at the moment there is no peer-reviewed evidence that ML-KEM-512 does not reach this level, we would like to hedge against future cryptanalytic improvements, and feel ML-KEM-768 provides a comfortable margin.¶
We aim for X-Wing to be usable for most applications, including specifically HPKE [RFC9180].¶
Traditionally most protocols use a Diffie-Hellman (DH) style non-interactive key-agreement. In many cases, a DH key agreement can be replaced by the interactive key-agreement afforded by a KEM without change in the protocol flow. One notable example is TLS [HYBRID] [XYBERTLS]. However, not all uses of DH can be replaced in a straight-forward manner by a plain KEM.¶
In particular, X-Wing is not, borrowing the language of [RFC9180], an authenticated KEM.¶
X-Wing is most similar to HPKE's X25519Kyber768Draft00 [XYBERHPKE]. The key differences are:¶
X-Wing uses the final version of ML-KEM-768.¶
X-Wing hashes the shared secrets, to be usable outside of HPKE.¶
X-Wing has a simpler combiner by flattening DHKEM(X25519) into the final hash.¶
X-Wing does not hash in the ML-KEM-768 ciphertext.¶
There is also a different KEM called X25519Kyber768Draft00 [XYBERTLS] which is used in TLS. This one should not be used outside of TLS, as it assumes the presence of the TLS transcript to ensure non malleability.¶
The generic combiner of [I-D.ounsworth-cfrg-kem-combiners] can be instantiated with ML-KEM-768 and DHKEM(X25519). That achieves similar security, but:¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
This document is consistent with all terminology defined in [I-D.driscoll-pqt-hybrid-terminology].¶
The following terms are used throughout this document to describe the operations, roles, and behaviors of HPKE:¶
X-Wing relies on the following primitives:¶
ML-KEM-768 post-quantum key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM) [MLKEM]:¶
ML-KEM-768.KeyGen()
: Randomized algorithm to generate an
ML-KEM-768 key pair (pk_M, sk_M)
of an encapsulation key pk_M
and decapsulation key sk_M
.
Note that ML-KEM-768.KeyGen()
returns the keys in reverse
order of GenerateKeyPair()
defined below.¶
ML-KEM-768.Encaps(pk_M)
: Randomized algorithm to generate (ss_M,
ct_M)
, an ephemeral 32 byte shared key ss_M
, and a fixed-length
encapsulation (ciphertext) of that key ct_M
for encapsulation key
pk_M
.¶
ML-KEM-768.Decap(ct_M, sk_M)
: Deterministic algorithm using the
decapsulation key sk_M
to recover the shared key from ct_M
.¶
To generate deterministic test vectors, we also use¶
ML-KEM-768.KeyGenDerand(seed)
: Same as ML-KEM-768.KeyGen()
,
but derandomized as follows.
seed[0:32]
is used for d
in line 1 of algorithm 12 from [MLKEM]
and seed
is 64 bytes. seed[32:64]
is used for z
in line 1 of
algorithm 15.¶
ML-KEM-768.EncapsDerand(pk_M, seed)
: Same as ML-KEM-768.Encaps()
but derandomized as follows.
seed
is 32 bytes and used for m
in line of 1 algorithm 16.¶
X25519 elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key-exchange defined in Section 5 of [RFC7748]:¶
X25519(k,u)
: takes 32 byte strings k and u representing a
Curve25519 scalar and curvepoint respectively, and returns
the 32 byte string representing their scalar multiplication.¶
X25519_BASE
: the 32 byte string representing the standard base point
of Curve25519. In hex
it is given by 0900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
.¶
Note that 9 is the standard basepoint for X25519, cf Section 6.1 of [RFC7748].¶
X-Wing encapsulation key, decapsulation key, ciphertexts and shared secrets are all fixed length byte strings.¶
An X-Wing keypair (decapsulation key, encapsulation key) is generated as follows.¶
def GenerateKeyPair(): (pk_M, sk_M) = ML-KEM-768.KeyGen() sk_X = random(32) pk_X = X25519(sk_X, X25519_BASE) return concat(sk_M, sk_X, pk_X), concat(pk_M, pk_X)¶
GenerateKeyPair()
returns the 2464 byte secret decapsulation key sk
and the 1216 byte encapsulation key pk
.¶
Here and in the balance of the document for clarity we use
the M
and X
subscripts for ML-KEM-768 and X25519 components respectively.¶
For testing, it is convenient to have a deterministic version of key generation. An X-Wing implementation MAY provide the following derandomized variant of key generation.¶
def GenerateKeyPairDerand(seed): (pk_M, sk_M) = ML-KEM-768.KeyGenDerand(seed[0:64]) sk_X = seed[64:96] pk_X = X25519(sk_X, X25519_BASE) return concat(sk_M, sk_X, pk_X), concat(pk_M, pk_X)¶
seed
must be 96 bytes.¶
GenerateKeyPairDerand()
returns the 2464 byte secret encapsulation key
sk
and the 1216 byte decapsulation key pk
.¶
Given 32 byte strings ss_M
, ss_X
, ct_X
, pk_X
, representing the
ML-KEM-768 shared secret, X25519 shared secret, X25519 ciphertext
(ephemeral public key) and X25519 public key respectively, the 32 byte
combined shared secret is given by:¶
def Combiner(ss_M, ss_X, ct_X, pk_X): return SHA3-256(concat( XWingLabel, ss_M, ss_X, ct_X, pk_X ))¶
where XWingLabel is the following 6 byte ASCII string¶
XWingLabel = concat( "\./", "/^\", )¶
In hex XWingLabel is given by 5c2e2f2f5e5c
.¶
Given an X-Wing encapsulation key pk
, encapsulation proceeds as follows.¶
def Encapsulate(pk): pk_M = pk[0:1184] pk_X = pk[1184:1216] ek_X = random(32) ct_X = X25519(ek_X, X25519_BASE) ss_X = X25519(ek_X, pk_X) (ss_M, ct_M) = ML-KEM-768.Encaps(pk_M) ss = Combiner(ss_M, ss_X, ct_X, pk_X) ct = concat(ct_M, ct_X) return (ss, ct)¶
pk
is a 1216 byte X-Wing encapsulation key resulting from GeneratePublicKey()
¶
Encapsulate()
returns the 32 byte shared secret ss
and the 1120 byte
ciphertext ct
.¶
For testing, it is convenient to have a deterministic version of encapsulation. An X-Wing implementation MAY provide the following derandomized function.¶
def EncapsulateDerand(pk, eseed): pk_M = pk[0:1184] pk_X = pk[1184:1216] ek_X = eseed[32:64] ct_X = X25519(ek_X, X25519_BASE) ss_X = X25519(ek_X, pk_X) (ss_M, ct_M) = ML-KEM-768.EncapsDerand(pk_M, eseed[0:32]) ss = Combiner(ss_M, ss_X, ct_X, pk_X) ct = concat(ct_M, ct_X) return (ss, ct)¶
pk
is a 1216 byte X-Wing encapsulation key resulting from GeneratePublicKey()
eseed
MUST be 64 bytes.¶
EncapsulateDerand()
returns the 32 byte shared secret ss
and the 1120 byte
ciphertext ct
.¶
def Decapsulate(ct, sk): ct_M = ct[0:1088] ct_X = ct[1088:1120] sk_M = sk[0:2400] sk_X = sk[2400:2432] pk_X = sk[2432:2464] ss_M = ML-KEM-768.Decapsulate(ct_M, sk_M) ss_X = X25519(sk_X, ct_X) return Combiner(ss_M, ss_X, ct_X, pk_X)¶
ct
is the 1120 byte ciphertext resulting from Encapsulate()
sk
is a 2464 byte X-Wing decapsulation key resulting from GenerateKeyPair()
¶
Decapsulate()
returns the 32 byte shared secret.¶
X-Wing satisfies the HPKE KEM interface as follows.¶
The SerializePublicKey
, DeserializePublicKey
,
SerializePrivateKey
and DeserializePrivateKey
are the identity functions,
as X-Wing keys are fixed-length byte strings, see Section 5.1.¶
DeriveKeyPair()
is given by¶
def DeriveKeyPair(ikm): return GenerateKeyPairDerand(SHAKE128(ikm, 96))¶
where the HPKE private key and public key are the X-Wing decapsulation key and encapsulation key respectively.¶
The argument ikm
to DeriveKeyPair()
SHOULD be at least 32 octets in
length. (This is contrary to [RFC9180] which stipulates it should be
at least Nsk=2432 octets in length.)¶
Encap()
is Encapsulate()
from Section 5.4.¶
Decap()
is Decapsulate()
from Section 5.5.¶
X-Wing is not an authenticated KEM: it does not support AuthEncap()
and AuthDecap()
, see Section 1.5.¶
For the client's share, the key_exchange value contains the X-Wing encapsulation key.¶
For the server's share, the key_exchange value contains the X-Wing ciphertext.¶
Informally, X-Wing is secure if SHA3 is secure, and either X25519 is secure, or ML-KEM-768 is secure.¶
More precisely, if SHA3-256, SHA3-512, SHAKE-128, and SHAKE-256 may be modelled as a random oracle, then the IND-CCA security of X-Wing is bounded by the IND-CCA security of ML-KEM-768, and the gap-CDH security of Curve25519, see [PROOF].¶
The security of X-Wing relies crucially on the specifics of the Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation used in ML-KEM-768: the X-Wing combiner cannot be assumed to be secure, when used with different KEMs. In particular it is not known to be safe to leave out the post-quantum ciphertext from the combiner in the general case.¶
This document requests/registers a new entry to the "HPKE KEM Identifiers" registry.¶
TBD (please)¶
X-Wing¶
32¶
1120¶
1216¶
2464¶
no¶
This document¶
Furthermore, this document requests/registers a new entry to the TLS Named Group (or Supported Group) registry, according to the procedures in Section 6 of [TLSIANA].¶
For the convenience of implementors, we provide a reference specification in Python. This is a specification; not production ready code: it should not be deployed as-is, as it leaks the private key by its runtime.¶
# WARNING This is a specification of X-Wing; not a production-ready # implementation. It is slow and does not run in constant time. # Requires the CryptoDome for SHAKE, and pytest for testing. To install, run # # pip install pycryptodome pytest import binascii import hashlib import mlkem import x25519 XWingLabel = br""" \./ /^\ """.replace(b'\n', b'').replace(b' ', b'') assert len(XWingLabel) == 6 assert binascii.hexlify(XWingLabel) == b'5c2e2f2f5e5c' def GenerateKeyPairDerand(seed): assert len(seed) == 96 pkM, skM = mlkem.KeyGen(seed[0:64], mlkem.params768) skX = seed[64:96] pkX = x25519.X(skX, x25519.BASE) return skM + skX + pkX, pkM + pkX def Combiner(ssM, ssX, ctX, pkX): return hashlib.sha3_256( XWingLabel + ssM + ssX + ctX + pkX ).digest() def EncapsulateDerand(pk, eseed): assert len(eseed) == 64 assert len(pk) == 1216 pkM = pk[0:1184] pkX = pk[1184:1216] ekX = eseed[32:64] ctX = x25519.X(ekX, x25519.BASE) ssX = x25519.X(ekX, pkX) ctM, ssM = mlkem.Enc(pkM, eseed[0:32], mlkem.params768) ss = Combiner(ssM, ssX, ctX, pkX) return ss, ctM + ctX def Decapsulate(ct, sk): assert len(ct) == 1120 assert len(sk) == 2464 ctM = ct[0:1088] ctX = ct[1088:1120] skM = sk[0:2400] skX = sk[2400:2432] pkX = sk[2432:2464] ssM = mlkem.Dec(skM, ctM, mlkem.params768) ssX = x25519.X(skX, ctX) return Combiner(ssM, ssX, ctX, pkX)¶
# WARNING This is a specification of X25519; not a production-ready # implementation. It is slow and does not run in constant time. p = 2**255 - 19 a24 = 121665 BASE = b'\x09' + b'\x00'*31 def decode(bs): return sum(bs[i] << 8*i for i in range(32)) % p def decodeScalar(k): bs = list(k) bs[0] &= 248 bs[31] &= 127 bs[31] |= 64 return decode(bs) # See rfc7748 §5. def X(k, u): assert len(k) == 32 assert len(u) == 32 k = decodeScalar(k) u = decode(u) x1, x2, x3, z2, z3, swap = u, 1, u, 0, 1, 0 for t in range(255, -1, -1): kt = (k >> t) & 1 swap ^= kt if swap == 1: x3, x2 = x2, x3 z3, z2 = z2, z3 swap = kt A = x2 + z2 AA = (A*A) % p B = x2 - z2 BB = (B*B) % p E = AA - BB C = x3 + z3 D = x3 - z3 DA = (D*A) % p CB = (C*B) % p x3 = DA + CB x3 = (x3 * x3) % p z3 = DA - CB z3 = (x1 * z3 * z3) % p x2 = (AA * BB) % p z2 = (E * (AA + (a24 * E) % p)) % p if swap == 1: x3, x2 = x2, x3 z2, z3 = z3, z2 ret = (x2 * pow(z2, p-2, p)) % p return bytes((ret >> 8*i) & 255 for i in range(32))¶
# WARNING This is a specification of Kyber; not a production ready # implementation. It is slow and does not run in constant time. # Requires the CryptoDome for SHAKE. To install, run # # pip install pycryptodome pytest from Crypto.Hash import SHAKE128, SHAKE256 import io import hashlib import functools import collections from math import floor q = 3329 nBits = 8 zeta = 17 eta2 = 2 n = 2**nBits inv2 = (q+1)//2 # inverse of 2 params = collections.namedtuple('params', ('k', 'du', 'dv', 'eta1')) params512 = params(k = 2, du = 10, dv = 4, eta1 = 3) params768 = params(k = 3, du = 10, dv = 4, eta1 = 2) params1024 = params(k = 4, du = 11, dv = 5, eta1 = 2) def smod(x): r = x % q if r > (q-1)//2: r -= q return r # Rounds to nearest integer with ties going up def Round(x): return int(floor(x + 0.5)) def Compress(x, d): return Round((2**d / q) * x) % (2**d) def Decompress(y, d): assert 0 <= y and y <= 2**d return Round((q / 2**d) * y) def BitsToWords(bs, w): assert len(bs) % w == 0 return [sum(bs[i+j] * 2**j for j in range(w)) for i in range(0, len(bs), w)] def WordsToBits(bs, w): return sum([[(b >> i) % 2 for i in range(w)] for b in bs], []) def Encode(a, w): return bytes(BitsToWords(WordsToBits(a, w), 8)) def Decode(a, w): return BitsToWords(WordsToBits(a, 8), w) def brv(x): """ Reverses a 7-bit number """ return int(''.join(reversed(bin(x)[2:].zfill(nBits-1))), 2) class Poly: def __init__(self, cs=None): self.cs = (0,)*n if cs is None else tuple(cs) assert len(self.cs) == n def __add__(self, other): return Poly((a+b) % q for a,b in zip(self.cs, other.cs)) def __neg__(self): return Poly(q-a for a in self.cs) def __sub__(self, other): return self + -other def __str__(self): return f"Poly({self.cs}" def __eq__(self, other): return self.cs == other.cs def NTT(self): cs = list(self.cs) layer = n // 2 zi = 0 while layer >= 2: for offset in range(0, n-layer, 2*layer): zi += 1 z = pow(zeta, brv(zi), q) for j in range(offset, offset+layer): t = (z * cs[j + layer]) % q cs[j + layer] = (cs[j] - t) % q cs[j] = (cs[j] + t) % q layer //= 2 return Poly(cs) def RefNTT(self): # Slower, but simpler, version of the NTT. cs = [0]*n for i in range(0, n, 2): for j in range(n // 2): z = pow(zeta, (2*brv(i//2)+1)*j, q) cs[i] = (cs[i] + self.cs[2*j] * z) % q cs[i+1] = (cs[i+1] + self.cs[2*j+1] * z) % q return Poly(cs) def InvNTT(self): cs = list(self.cs) layer = 2 zi = n//2 while layer < n: for offset in range(0, n-layer, 2*layer): zi -= 1 z = pow(zeta, brv(zi), q) for j in range(offset, offset+layer): t = (cs[j+layer] - cs[j]) % q cs[j] = (inv2*(cs[j] + cs[j+layer])) % q cs[j+layer] = (inv2 * z * t) % q layer *= 2 return Poly(cs) def MulNTT(self, other): """ Computes self o other, the multiplication of self and other in the NTT domain. """ cs = [None]*n for i in range(0, n, 2): a1 = self.cs[i] a2 = self.cs[i+1] b1 = other.cs[i] b2 = other.cs[i+1] z = pow(zeta, 2*brv(i//2)+1, q) cs[i] = (a1 * b1 + z * a2 * b2) % q cs[i+1] = (a2 * b1 + a1 * b2) % q return Poly(cs) def Compress(self, d): return Poly(Compress(c, d) for c in self.cs) def Decompress(self, d): return Poly(Decompress(c, d) for c in self.cs) def Encode(self, d): return Encode(self.cs, d) def sampleUniform(stream): cs = [] while True: b = stream.read(3) d1 = b[0] + 256*(b[1] % 16) d2 = (b[1] >> 4) + 16*b[2] assert d1 + 2**12 * d2 == b[0] + 2**8 * b[1] + 2**16*b[2] for d in [d1, d2]: if d >= q: continue cs.append(d) if len(cs) == n: return Poly(cs) def CBD(a, eta): assert len(a) == 64*eta b = WordsToBits(a, 8) cs = [] for i in range(n): cs.append((sum(b[:eta]) - sum(b[eta:2*eta])) % q) b = b[2*eta:] return Poly(cs) def XOF(seed, j, i): h = SHAKE128.new() h.update(seed + bytes([j, i])) return h def PRF1(seed, nonce): assert len(seed) == 32 h = SHAKE256.new() h.update(seed + bytes([nonce])) return h def PRF2(seed, msg): assert len(seed) == 32 h = SHAKE256.new() h.update(seed + msg) return h.read(32) def G(seed): h = hashlib.sha3_512(seed).digest() return h[:32], h[32:] def H(msg): return hashlib.sha3_256(msg).digest() class Vec: def __init__(self, ps): self.ps = tuple(ps) def NTT(self): return Vec(p.NTT() for p in self.ps) def InvNTT(self): return Vec(p.InvNTT() for p in self.ps) def DotNTT(self, other): """ Computes the dot product <self, other> in NTT domain. """ return sum((a.MulNTT(b) for a, b in zip(self.ps, other.ps)), Poly()) def __add__(self, other): return Vec(a+b for a,b in zip(self.ps, other.ps)) def Compress(self, d): return Vec(p.Compress(d) for p in self.ps) def Decompress(self, d): return Vec(p.Decompress(d) for p in self.ps) def Encode(self, d): return Encode(sum((p.cs for p in self.ps), ()), d) def __eq__(self, other): return self.ps == other.ps def EncodeVec(vec, w): return Encode(sum([p.cs for p in vec.ps], ()), w) def DecodeVec(bs, k, w): cs = Decode(bs, w) return Vec(Poly(cs[n*i:n*(i+1)]) for i in range(k)) def DecodePoly(bs, w): return Poly(Decode(bs, w)) class Matrix: def __init__(self, cs): """ Samples the matrix uniformly from seed rho """ self.cs = tuple(tuple(row) for row in cs) def MulNTT(self, vec): """ Computes matrix multiplication A*vec in the NTT domain. """ return Vec(Vec(row).DotNTT(vec) for row in self.cs) def T(self): """ Returns transpose of matrix """ k = len(self.cs) return Matrix((self.cs[j][i] for j in range(k)) for i in range(k)) def sampleMatrix(rho, k): return Matrix([[sampleUniform(XOF(rho, j, i)) for j in range(k)] for i in range(k)]) def sampleNoise(sigma, eta, offset, k): return Vec(CBD(PRF1(sigma, i+offset).read(64*eta), eta) for i in range(k)) def constantTimeSelectOnEquality(a, b, ifEq, ifNeq): # WARNING! In production code this must be done in a # data-independent constant-time manner, which this implementation # is not. In fact, many more lines of code in this # file are not constant-time. return ifEq if a == b else ifNeq def InnerKeyGen(seed, params): assert len(seed) == 32 rho, sigma = G(seed) A = sampleMatrix(rho, params.k) s = sampleNoise(sigma, params.eta1, 0, params.k) e = sampleNoise(sigma, params.eta1, params.k, params.k) sHat = s.NTT() eHat = e.NTT() tHat = A.MulNTT(sHat) + eHat pk = EncodeVec(tHat, 12) + rho sk = EncodeVec(sHat, 12) return (pk, sk) def InnerEnc(pk, msg, seed, params): assert len(msg) == 32 tHat = DecodeVec(pk[:-32], params.k, 12) rho = pk[-32:] A = sampleMatrix(rho, params.k) r = sampleNoise(seed, params.eta1, 0, params.k) e1 = sampleNoise(seed, eta2, params.k, params.k) e2 = sampleNoise(seed, eta2, 2*params.k, 1).ps[0] rHat = r.NTT() u = A.T().MulNTT(rHat).InvNTT() + e1 m = Poly(Decode(msg, 1)).Decompress(1) v = tHat.DotNTT(rHat).InvNTT() + e2 + m c1 = u.Compress(params.du).Encode(params.du) c2 = v.Compress(params.dv).Encode(params.dv) return c1 + c2 def InnerDec(sk, ct, params): split = params.du * params.k * n // 8 c1, c2 = ct[:split], ct[split:] u = DecodeVec(c1, params.k, params.du).Decompress(params.du) v = DecodePoly(c2, params.dv).Decompress(params.dv) sHat = DecodeVec(sk, params.k, 12) return (v - sHat.DotNTT(u.NTT()).InvNTT()).Compress(1).Encode(1) def KeyGen(seed, params): assert len(seed) == 64 z = seed[32:] pk, sk2 = InnerKeyGen(seed[:32], params) h = H(pk) return (pk, sk2 + pk + h + z) def Enc(pk, seed, params): assert len(seed) == 32 K, r = G(seed + H(pk)) ct = InnerEnc(pk, seed, r, params) return (ct, K) def Dec(sk, ct, params): sk2 = sk[:12 * params.k * n//8] pk = sk[12 * params.k * n//8 : 24 * params.k * n//8 + 32] h = sk[24 * params.k * n//8 + 32 : 24 * params.k * n//8 + 64] z = sk[24 * params.k * n//8 + 64 : 24 * params.k * n//8 + 96] m2 = InnerDec(sk, ct, params) K2, r2 = G(m2 + h) ct2 = InnerEnc(pk, m2, r2, params) return constantTimeSelectOnEquality( ct2, ct, K2, # if ct == ct2 PRF2(z, ct), # if ct != ct2 )¶
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TODO acknowledge.¶
RFC Editor's Note: Please remove this section prior to publication of a final version of this document.¶
A copy of the X25519 public key is now included in the X-Wing decapsulation (private) key, so that decapsulation does not require separate access to the X-Wing public key. See #2.¶