% \iffalse meta-comment
%
% Copyright 1994 the LaTeX3 project and the individual authors.
% All rights reserved. For further copyright information see the file
% legal.txt, and any other copyright indicated in this file.
% 
% This file is part of the LaTeX2e system.
% ----------------------------------------
% 
%  This system is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
%  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
%  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
% 
% 
% IMPORTANT NOTICE:
% 
% For error reports in case of UNCHANGED versions see bugs.txt.
% 
% Please do not request updates from us directly.  Distribution is
% done through Mail-Servers and TeX organizations.
% 
% You are not allowed to change this file.
% 
% You are allowed to distribute this file under the condition that
% it is distributed together with all files mentioned in manifest.txt.
% 
% If you receive only some of these files from someone, complain!
% 
% You are NOT ALLOWED to distribute this file alone.  You are NOT
% ALLOWED to take money for the distribution or use of either this
% file or a changed version, except for a nominal charge for copying
% etc.
% \fi
%
% \iffalse
%%% File: ltdefns.dtx
%<*driver>
% \fi
\ProvidesFile{ltdefns.dtx}
             [1994/05/23 v1.1h LaTeX Kernel (definition commands)]
% \iffalse
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
\GetFileInfo{ltdefns.dtx}
\title{\filename}
\date{\filedate}
 \author{%
  Johannes Braams\and
  David Carlisle\and
  Alan Jeffrey\and
  Leslie Lamport\and
  Frank Mittelbach\and
  Chris Rowley\and
  Rainer Sch\"opf}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
 \DocInput{\filename}
\end{document}
%</driver>
% \fi
%
% \CheckSum{598}
%
% \changes{v1.0n}{1994/05/10}{(ASAJ) Added
%    \cmd\DeclareProtectedCommand.} 
% \changes{v1.0p}{1994/05/12}{(ASAJ) Fixed a bug with \cs{relax }
%    which was 
%    using \cs{@gobble} before defining it.}
% \changes{v1.0q}{1994/05/13}{(ASAJ) Renamed
%    \cs{DeclareProtectedCommand} to 
%    \cs{DeclareRobustCommand}.  Removed \cs{@if@short@command}.} 
% \changes{v1.0q}{1994/05/13}{(ASAJ) Replaces \cs{space} by `~' in
%    \cs{csname}.} 
% \changes{v1.0r}{1994/05/13}{(ASAJ) Added logging message to
%    \cs{DeclareProtectedCommand}.} 
% \changes{v1.0s}{1994/05/13}{(ASAJ) Added \cs{@backslashchar}.}
% \changes{v1.0s}{1994/05/13}{(ASAJ) Coded \cs{@ifdefinable} more
%    efficiently.} 
% \changes{v1.1a}{1994/05/16}{(ASAJ) Split from ltinit.dtx.}
% \changes{v1.1b}{1994/05/17}{(ASAJ) Removed warnings and logging to
%    lterror.dtx.} 
% \changes{v1.1b}{1994/05/17}{(ASAJ) Added definitions for protect.}
% \changes{v1.1c}{1994/05/17}{(ASAJ) Redid definitions for protect.}
% \changes{v1.1d}{1994/05/19}{(RmS) Added definitions for
%           \cs{@namedef} and \cs{@nameuse} again.}
% \changes{v1.1e}{1994/05/20}{Changed command name from
%    \cs{@checkcommand} to \cs{CheckCommand}.}
% \changes{v1.1f}{1994/05/22}{Use new warning and error cmds}
%  
% \section{Definitions}
%
% This section contains commands used in defining other macros.
% 
% \StopEventually{}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*2ekernel>
\catcode`\~=13 \def~{\penalty\@M \ }
%    \end{macrocode}
% \subsection{Initex initialisations}
%
% \task{???}{This section needs extension}
% \task{???}{Do we use @unused or mainaux?}
%  \begin{macro}{\@inputcheck}
%  \begin{macro}{\@unused}
%    Allocate read stream for testing and output stream. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newread\@inputcheck
\newwrite\@unused
\newwrite\@mainaux
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\two@digits}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro added}
%    Prefix a number less than 10 with `0'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\two@digits#1{\ifnum#1<10 0\fi\number#1}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%  \begin{macro}{\typeout}
%    Display something on the terminal.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\typeout#1{\begingroup\let\protect\string
    \immediate\write\@unused{#1}\endgroup}
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%
%  \begin{macro}{\newlinechar}
%    A char to be used as new-line in output to files.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newlinechar`\^^J
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Saved versions of \TeX{} primitives}
%
%  The TeX primitive |\foo| is saved as |\@@foo|.
%  The following primitives are handled in this way:
%    \begin{macrocode}
\let\@@par=\par
%\let\@@input=\input    %%% moved earlier
%\let\@@end=\end        %%%
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% The following was added 19 April 1986:
% The |\-| command is redefined to allow it to work in the |\ttfamily|
% type style, where automatic hyphenation is suppressed by setting
% |\hyphenchar| to -1. The original definition is saved as |\@@hyph|
%  just in case anyone needs it.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\let\@@hyph=\-        % Original defin
\def\-{\discretionary{-}{}{}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@dischyph}
% \changes{v1.0g}{1994/04/12}
%         {Define \cmd{\@dischyph}, was previously in ltboxes.dtx}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\let\@dischyph=\-
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%  \begin{macro}{\@@italiccorr}
% Save the original italic correction.
% \changes{v1.0a}{1994/03/07}{Macro added}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\let\@@italiccorr=\/
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%
%  \begin{macro}{\@height}
%  \begin{macro}{\@depth}
%  \begin{macro}{\@width}
%  \begin{macro}{\@minus}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/22}{Macro added}
%  \begin{macro}{\@plus}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/22}{Macro added}
%    
%    The following definitions save token space.  E.g., using
%    |\@height| instead of height saves 5 tokens at the cost in time
%    of one macro expansion.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@height{height}
\def\@depth{depth}
\def\@width{width}
\def\@minus{minus}
\def\@plus{plus}
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\message{hacks,}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \subsection{Command definitions}
%
% \begin{oldcomments}
%
%  \@namedef{NAME}  : Expands to \def\NAME , except name can contain any
%                      characters.
%  \@nameuse{NAME}  : Expands to \NAME .
%
%  \@ifnextchar X{YES}{NO} :
%          Expands to YES if next character is an 'X',
%          and to NO otherwise. (Uses temps a-c.)
%          NOTE: GOBBLES ANY SPACE FOLLOWING IT.
%
%  \@ifstar{YES}{NO} :
%          Gobbles following spaces and then tests if next the
%          character is a '*'.  If it is, then it gobbles the
%          '*' and expands to YES, otherwise it expands to NO.
%
%  \@dblarg{CMD}{ARG}  : 
%          \@dblarg{CMD}{ARG} expands to CMD[ARG]{ARG}.  Use
%          \@dblarg\CS when \CS takes arguments [ARG1]{ARG2},
%          where default is ARG1 = ARG2.
%
%  \@ifundefined{NAME}{YES}{NO}
%          : If \NAME is undefined then it executes YES,
%            otherwise it executes NO.  More precisely,
%            true if \NAME either undefined or = \relax.
%  \@ifdefinable \NAME {YES}
%          : Executes YES if the user is allowed to define \NAME,
%            otherwise it gives an error.  The user can define \NAME
%            if \@ifundefined{NAME} is true, 'NAME' /= 'relax'
%            and the first three letters of 'NAME' are not
%           'end'.
%  \newcommand{\FOO}[i]{TEXT}
%          : User command to define \FOO to be a macro with
%            i arguments (i = 0 if missing) having the definition
%            TEXT.  Produces an error if \FOO already defined.
%
%  \renewcommand{\FOO}[i]{TEXT} : Same as \newcommand, except it
%                      checks if \FOO already defined.
%
%  \newenvironment{FOO}[i]{DEF1}{DEF2}
%         equivalent to
%         \newcommand{\FOO}[i]{DEF1} \def{\endFOO}{DEF2}
%
%  \renewenvironment : obvious companion to \newenvironment
%
%  \@cons : See description of \output routine.
%
%  \@car T1 T2 ... Tn\@nil == T1  (unexpanded)
%
%  \@cdr T1 T2 ... Tn\@nil == T2 ... Tn     (unexpanded)
%
%  \typeout{message} : produces a warning message on the terminal
%
%  \typein{message}  
%         : Types message, asks the user to type in a command, then
%            executes it
%
%  \typein[\CS]{MSG} : Same as above, except defines \CS to be the input
%                      instead of executing it.
%
% RmS 92/03/18: changed input channel from 0 to \@inputcheck to avoid 
%               conflicts
%               with other channels allocated by \newread
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\typein{%
  \let\@typein\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@xtypein}{\@xtypein[\@typein]}}
\def\@xtypein[#1]#2{\typeout{#2}\read\@inputcheck 
   to#1\ifx #1\@defpar \def#1{}\else
   \@iden{\expandafter\@strip\expandafter
   #1#1\@gobble\@gobble} \@gobble\fi\@typein}
\def\@strip#1#2 \@gobble{\def #1{#2}}
\def\@defpar{\par}
\def\@iden#1{#1}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@namedef#1{\expandafter\def\csname #1\endcsname}
\def\@nameuse#1{\csname #1\endcsname}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@cons#1#2{\begingroup\let\@elt\relax\xdef#1{#1\@elt #2}\endgroup}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@car#1#2\@nil{#1}
\def\@cdr#1#2\@nil{#2}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \@carcube T1 ... Tn\@nil = T1 T2 T3 , n > 3
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@carcube#1#2#3#4\@nil{#1#2#3}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@renewenv#1[#2]#3#4{\expandafter\renewcommand
     \csname #1\endcsname[#2]{#3}\long
     \expandafter\def\csname end#1\endcsname{#4}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \end{oldcomments}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\newcommand}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro reimplemented and extended}
%    User level |\newcommand|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\newcommand#1{%
  \@ifnextchar [{\@newcommand#1}{\@newcommand#1[0]}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
%  \begin{macro}{\@newcommand}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro added}
%  \begin{macro}{\@xargdef}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro added}
%  \begin{macro}{\@xargdef}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro interface changed}
%    Handling arguments for |\newcommand|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@newcommand#1[#2]{%
  \@ifnextchar [{\@xargdef#1[#2]}%
                {\@argdef#1[#2]}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Define |#1| if it is definable.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@argdef#1[#2]#3{%
   \@ifdefinable #1{\@yargdef#1\@ne{#2}{#3}}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    Handle the second optional argument.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@xargdef#1[#2][#3]#4{%
  \@ifdefinable#1{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Define the actual command to be:\\
%    |\def\foo{\@ifnextchar[\\foo{\\foo[default]}}|\\
%    where |\\foo| is a csname generated from applying |\csname| and
%    |\string| to |\foo|, ie the actual name contains a backslash and
%    therefore can't clash easily with exisiting command names.
%    ``Default'' is the contents of the second optional argument of
%    |\(re)newcommand|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
     \expandafter\def\expandafter#1\expandafter{%
          \expandafter
          \@ifnextchar
          \expandafter
             [%
          \csname\string#1\expandafter\endcsname
          \expandafter
          {\csname\string#1\endcsname[#3]}}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Now we define the internal macro (ie |\\foo| which is supposed to
%    pick up all arguments (optional and mandatory).
%    \begin{macrocode}
       \expandafter\@yargdef
          \csname\string#1\endcsname
           \tw@
           {#2}%
           {#4}}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%
%
%  \begin{macro}{\@yargdef}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro interface changed} 
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Avoid \cs{@?@?} token} 
% \changes{v1.0b}{1994/03/12}{Name changed from \cmd{\XXX@argdef}}
%    Generate a primitive argument specification, from a \LaTeX\
%    |[|\meta{num}|]| form.
%
%    Reorganised slightly so that |\renewcommand[1]{\@tempa}{foo}|
%    works.  I am not sure this is worth it, as a following
%    |\newcommand| would over-write the definition of |\@tempa|.
%    \LaTeX2.09 goes into an infinite loop with\\
%    |\renewcommand[1]{\@tempa}{foo}|.\\  (DPC 6 October 93)
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@yargdef#1#2#3{%
  \@tempcnta#3\relax
  \advance \@tempcnta \@ne
  \let\@hash@\relax
  \edef\@tempa{\ifx#2\tw@ [\@hash@1]\fi}%
  \@tempcntb #2%
  \@whilenum\@tempcntb <\@tempcnta
     \do{%
         \edef\@tempa{\@tempa\@hash@\the\@tempcntb}%
         \advance\@tempcntb \@ne}%
  \let\@hash@##%
  \long\expandafter\def\expandafter#1\@tempa}
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@reargdef}
%  \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/12/20}
%                {Kept old version of \cmd\@reargdef, for array.sty}
% \changes{v1.0b}{1994/03/12}{New defn, in terms of \cmd{\@yargdef}}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@reargdef#1[#2]#3{%
  \@yargdef#1\@ne{#2}{#3}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%  \begin{macro}{\renewcommand}
%    Check the command name is already used.  If not give an error
%    message. Then temporarily
%    disable |\@ifdefinable| then call |\newcommand|. (Previous
%    version |\let#1=\relax| but this does not work too well if |#1|
%    is |\@temp|\emph{a--e}.)
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro reimplemented and extended}
% \changes{v1.1f}{1994/05/2}{Removed surplus \cmd\space in error}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\renewcommand#1{%
  {\escapechar\m@ne\xdef\@gtempa{{\string#1}}}%
  \expandafter\@ifundefined\@gtempa
     {\@latex@error{\string#1 undefined}\@ehc}%
     {}%
  \let\@ifdefinable\@rc@ifdefinable
  \newcommand#1}
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%
% \changes{v1.0n}{1994/05/10}{Removed braces around \cmd\@ifundefined\
%    argument.  ASAJ.}
% \changes{v1.0s}{1994/05/13}{Coded more efficiently, thanks to FMi.}
%
%  \begin{macro}{\@ifdefinable}
%  \begin{macro}{\@@ifdefinable}
%  \begin{macro}{\@rc@ifdefinable}
%    Test is user is allowed to define a command.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@ifdefinable #1#2{%
      \edef\@tempa{\expandafter\@gobble\string #1}%
     \@ifundefined\@tempa
         {\edef\@tempb{\expandafter\@carcube \@tempa xxx\@nil}%
          \ifx \@tempb\@qend \@notdefinable\else
          \ifx \@tempa\@qrelax \@notdefinable\else  #2\fi\fi}%
         \@notdefinable}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Saved definition of |\@ifdefinable|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\let\@@ifdefinable\@ifdefinable
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Version of |\@ifdefinable| for use with |\renewcommand|.  Does
%    not do the check this time, but restores the normal definition.
%    \begin{macrocode} 
\long\def\@rc@ifdefinable#1#2{%
  \let\@ifdefinable\@@ifdefinable
  #2}
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%  \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\newenvironment}
%    Define a new user environment.
%    |#1| is the environment name. |#2#| Grabs all the tokens up to
%    the first |{|. These will be any optional arguments. They are not
%    parsed at this point, but are just passed to |\@newenv| which
%    will eventually call |\newcommand|. Any optional arguments will
%    then be parsed by |\newcommand| as it defines the command that
%    executes the `begin code' of the environment.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\newenvironment#1#2#{%
  \@newenv{#1}{#2}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
%  \begin{macro}{\renewenvironment}
%    Redefine an environment.
%    For |\renewenvironment| disable |\@ifdefinable| and then call
%    |\newenvironment|.  It is OK to |\let| the argument to |\relax|
%    here as there should not be a |@temp|\ldots\ environment.
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro reimplemented and extended}
% \changes{v1.1f}{1994/05/2}{Removed surplus \cmd\space in error}
%    \begin{macrocode} 
\def\renewenvironment#1{%
  \@ifundefined{#1}%
     {\@latex@error{Environment #1 undefined}\@ehc
     }{}%
  \expandafter\let\csname#1\endcsname\relax
  \newenvironment{#1}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\@newenv}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Macro interface changed}
%    The internal version of |\newenvironment|.
%
%    Call |\newcommand| to define the \meta{begin-code} for the
%    environment.  |\def| is used for the \meta{end-code} as it does
%    not take arguments. (but may contain |\par|s)
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@newenv#1#2#3#4{%
  \expandafter\newcommand
     \csname #1\endcsname#2{#3}\long
     \long\expandafter\def\csname end#1\endcsname{#4}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\providecommand}
% |\providecommand| takes the same arguments as |\newcommand|, but
% discards them if |#1| is already defined, Otherwise it just acts like
% |\newcommand|. This implementation currently leaves any discarded
% definition in |\@tempa| (and possibly |\\@tempa|) this wastes a bit of
% space, but it will be reclaimed as soon as these scratch macros are
% redefined. 
%
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/22}{Macro added}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\providecommand#1{%
  {\escapechar\m@ne\xdef\@gtempa{{\string#1}}}%
  \expandafter\@ifundefined\@gtempa
    {\def\@tempa{\newcommand#1}}%
    {\def\@tempa{\renewcommand\@tempa}}%
   \@tempa}%
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\CheckCommand}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/22}{Macro added}
% \changes{v1.1e}{1994/05/20}{Changed name from \cs{@checkcommand} to
%    \cs{CheckCommand}.}
%    |\CheckCommand| takes the same arguments as |\newcommand|. If
%    the command already exists, with the same definition, then
%    nothing happens, otherwise a warning is issued. Useful for
%    checking the current state befor a macro package starts
%    redefining things.  Currently two macros are considered to have
%    the same definition if they are the same except for different
%    default arguments.  That is, if the old definition was:
%    |\newcommand\xxx[2][a]{(#1)(#2)}| then
%    |\CheckCommand\xxx[2][b]{(#1)(#2)}| would \emph{not} generate a
%    warning, but, for instance |\CheckCommand\xxx[2]{(#1)(#2)}|
%    would.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\CheckCommand#1#2#{\@check@c#1{#2}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% 
% \begin{macro}{\@check@c}
%    |\CheckCommand| itself just grabs all the arguments we need,
%    without actually looking for |[| optional argument forms.  Now
%    define |\@tempa|. If |\\@tempa| is then defined, compare it with
%    the ``|\#1|' otherwise compare |\@tempa| with |#1|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@check@c#1#2#3{%
  \expandafter\let\csname\string\@tempa\endcsname\relax
  \renewcommand\@tempa#2{#3}%
  \@ifundefined{\string\@tempa}%
   {\@check@eq#1\@tempa}%
   {\expandafter\@check@eq
           \csname\string#1\expandafter\endcsname
           \csname\string\@tempa\endcsname}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@check@eq}
%     Complain if |#1| and |#2| are not |\ifx| equal.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@check@eq#1#2{%
  \ifx#1#2\else
     \@latex@warning@no@line
               {Command \noexpand#1 has 
                changed.\MessageBreak
                Check if current package is valid}%
  \fi}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@gobble}
% \begin{macro}{\@gobbletwo}
% \begin{macro}{\@gobblefour}
%    The |\@gobble| macro is used to get rid of its argument.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@gobble#1{}
\def\@gobbletwo#1#2{}
\def\@gobblefour#1#2#3#4{}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@firstofone}
% \begin{macro}{\@firstoftwo}
% \begin{macro}{\@secondoftwo}
%    Some argument-grabbers.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@firstofone#1{#1}
\long\def\@firstoftwo#1#2{#1}
\long\def\@secondoftwo#1#2{#2}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@expandtwoargs}
%    A macro to totally expand two arguments to another macro
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@expandtwoargs#1#2#3{%
\edef\@tempa{\noexpand#1{#2}{#3}}\@tempa}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@backslashchar}
%    A category code 12 backslash.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\edef\@backslashchar{\expandafter\@gobble\string\\}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \changes{v1.0n}{1994/05/10}{Added \cmd\DeclareProtectedCommand}
% \changes{v1.0p}{1994/05/12}{Fixed a bug with \cs{relax } which was
%    using \cs{@gobble} before defining it.}
% \changes{v1.0q}{1994/05/13}{Renamed \cs{DeclareProtectedCommand} to
%    \cs{DeclareRobustCommand}.  Removed \cs{@if@short@command}.
%    Moved to after the definition of \cs{@gobble}.} 
% \changes{v1.0r}{1994/05/13}{Added logging message to
%    \cs{DeclareProtectedCommand}.} 
%
% \subsection{Robust commands and protect}
%
% \changes{v1.1b}{1994/05/17}{Added the discussion of protected
%    commands, defined the values that \cs{protect} should have.}
% \changes{v1.1c}{1994/05/18}{Redid the discussion and definitions, in
%    line with the proposed new setting of \cs{protect} in the output 
%    routine.}
%
% Fragile and robust commands are one of the thornier issues in
% \LaTeX's commands.  Whilst typesetting documents, \LaTeX{} makes use
% of many of \TeX's features, such as arithmetic, defining macros, and
% setting variables.  However, there are (at least) three different
% ocassions when these commands are not safe.  These are called
% `moving arguments' by \LaTeX, and consist of:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item writing information to a file, such as indexes or tables of
%    contents. 
% \item writing information to the screen.
% \item inside an |\edef|, |\message|, |\mark|, or other command which
%    evaluates its argument fully.
% \end{itemize}
% The method \LaTeX{} uses for making fragile commands robust is to
% precede them with |\protect|.  This can have one of five possible
% values: 
% \begin{itemize}
% \item |\relax|, for normal typesetting.  So |\protect\foo| will
%    execute |\foo|.
% \item |\string|, for writing to the screen.  So |\protect\foo| will
%    write |\foo|.
% \item |\noexpand|, for writing to a file.  So |\protect\foo| will
%    write |\foo| followed by a space.
% \item |\@unexpandable@protect|, for writing a moving argument to a
%    file.  So |\protect\foo| will write |\protect\foo| followed by a
%    space.  This value is also used inside |\edef|s, |\mark|s and
%    other commands which evaluate their arguments fully.
% \item |\@unexpandable@noexpand|, for performing a deferred write
%    inside an |\edef|.  So |\protect\foo| will write |\foo| followed
%    by a space.  If you want |\protect\foo| to be written, you should
%    use |\@unexpandable@protect|.
% \end{itemize}
%
% \changes{1.1b}{1994/05/17}
%     {(ASAJ) Added the \cs{@protect@...} commands.}
% \changes{1.1c}{1994/05/18}
%     {(ASAJ) Renamed the commands, and removed
%       one which is no longer needed.}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@unexpandable@protect}
% \begin{macro}{\@unexpandable@noexpand}
%    These commands are used for setting |\protect| inside |\edef|s.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@unexpandable@protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}
\def\@unexpandable@noexpand{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\DeclareRobustCommand}
% \begin{macro}{\@protected@short}
% \begin{macro}{\@protected@short@}
% \begin{macro}{\relax}
%    This is a package-writers command, which has the same syntax as
%    |\newcommand|, but which declares a protected command.  It does
%    this by having\\
%    |\DeclareRobustCommand\foo|\\ 
%    define |\foo| to be
%    |\protect\foo<space>|,\\
%    and then use |\newcommand\foo<space>|.\\
%    Since the internal command is |\foo<space>|, when it is written
%    to an auxiliary file, it will appear as |\foo|.  
%    
%    We have to be a
%    bit cleverer if we're defining a short command, such as |\_|, in
%    order to make sure that the auxiliary file does not include a
%    space after the command, since |\_ a| and |\_a| aren't the same.
%    In this case we define |\_| to be |\@protected@short\_\_<space>|,
%    which expands to:
% \begin{verbatim}
%    \protect\relax<space>\@protected@short@\@gobble\_\_<space>
% \end{verbatim}
%    We then have five cases:
%    \begin{itemize}
%    \item |\protect| is |\relax| (we're executing commands), 
%       so |\relax<space>| gobbles the
%       |\@protected@short@|, and the |\@gobble| gobbles the |\_|, so
%       |\_<space>| is executed.
%    \item |\protect| is |\noexpand| (we're writing to a file), so
%       |\relax<space>| is not expanded, so the |\@protected@short@|
%       expands to produce |\protect\_|, and so |\relax  \_| is
%       written to the file.
%    \item |\protect| is |\string| is similar.
%    \item |\protect| is |\@unexpandable@protect|
%       (we're inside an |\edef|), so\\
%       |\relax<space>| is not expanded, so the |\@protected@short@|
%       expands to produce |\protect\_|.  If the result is written to
%       an auxiliary file (with |\protect| set to |\noexpand|), it
%       will produce |\relax  \_|.  If it is executed (with |\protect|
%       set to |\relax|) then it will execute |\_|, and we'll be back
%       in the first case again.
%    \item |\protect| is |\@unexpandable@protect| (we're inside a
%       deferred |\write| inside an |\edef|).  Then
%       |\noexpand\relax<space>\protect\_| will be put into the
%       |\write|, which will cause |\relax \protect \_| to be written
%       to the file.  This is safe, although it's not quite what was
%       wanted if you're going to sort an index based on this.  In
%       such a case you have to preceed |\_| with |\protect|
%       explicitly. 
%    \end{itemize}
%    So after all that work, |\_| will always be written to an
%    auxiliary file with no trailing space, although it will have an
%    extra |\relax| and/or |\protect| in front of it.
%
%    More fun with |\expandafter| and |\csname|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\DeclareRobustCommand#1{%
   \ifx#1\@undefined\else\ifx#1\relax\else
      \@latex@info{Redefining \string#1}%
   \fi\fi
   \edef\@tempa{\string#1}%
   \def\@tempb{#1}%
   \edef\@tempb{\expandafter\strip@prefix\meaning\@tempb}%
   \edef#1{%
      \ifx\@tempa\@tempb
         \noexpand\@protected@short
         \noexpand#1%
      \else
         \noexpand\protect
      \fi
      \expandafter\noexpand\csname
         \expandafter\@gobble\string#1 \endcsname
   }%
   \let\@ifdefinable\@rc@ifdefinable
   \expandafter\newcommand\csname
      \expandafter\@gobble\string#1 \endcsname
}
{
\catcode`\ =\catcode`\a%
\gdef\@protected@short{\protect\relax \@protected@short@\@gobble}%
\gdef\@protected@short@\@gobble#1#2{\protect#1}%
\global\let\relax \@gobble%
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Internal defining commands}
%
% These commands are used internally to define other \LaTeX{}
% commands. 
% \begin{macro}{\@ifundefined}
% \changes{LaTeX2e}{1993/11/23}{Redefined to remove a trailing \cmd\fi}
%    Check if first arg is undefined or |\relax| and execute second or
%    third arg depending,
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@ifundefined#1{%
  \expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax
    \expandafter\@firstoftwo
  \else
    \expandafter\@secondoftwo
  \fi}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
%  \begin{macro}{\@onlypreamble}
%    This macro adds its argument to the list of commands to be
%    disabled after |\begin{document}|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@preamblecmds{}
\def\@onlypreamble#1{%
  \expandafter\gdef\expandafter\@preamblecmds\expandafter{%
       \@preamblecmds\do#1}}
\@onlypreamble\@onlypreamble
%    \end{macrocode}
%  \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{oldcomments}
% The following define \@qend and \@qrelax to be the strings 'end' and
% 'relax' with the characters \catcoded 12.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\edef\@qend{\expandafter\@cdr\string\end\@nil}
\edef\@qrelax{\expandafter\@cdr\string\relax\@nil}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \@ifnextchar X{YES}{NO}
%  BEGIN
%    \@tempe := X  % uses \let
%    \@tempa := YES
%    \@tempb := NO
%    \futurelet\@tempc
%    \@ifnch
%  END
%
% \@ifnch ==
%   BEGIN
%     if  \@tempc = blank space
%       then  \@tempd := def(\@xifnch)
%       else  if  \@tempc = \@tempe
%                then  \@tempd := def(\@tempa)
%                else  \@tempd := def(\@tempb)
%             fi
%     fi
%     \@tempd
%   END
%
% \@xifnch ==
%  BEGIN
%    gobble blanks
%    \futurelet\@tempc
%    \@ifnch
%  END
%
% \end{oldcomments}
% \begin{macro}{\@ifnextchar}
% \changes{LaTeX209}{1992/08/24}
%     {(Rms) \cs{@ifnextchar} didn't work if its 
%         first argument was an equal sign.}
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@ifnextchar#1#2#3{%
  \let\@tempe=#1\def\@tempa{#2}\def\@tempb{#3}\futurelet
    \@tempc\@ifnch}
\def\@ifnch{\ifx \@tempc \@sptoken \let\@tempd\@xifnch
      \else \ifx \@tempc \@tempe\let\@tempd\@tempa\else
          \let\@tempd\@tempb\fi
      \fi \@tempd}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \changes{v1.0n}{1994/05/10}{Added \cmd\makeatletter\ and 
%           \cmd\makeatother\ ASAJ.}
%
% \begin{macro}{\makeatletter}
% \begin{macro}{\makeatother}
%    Make internal control sequences accessible or inaccessible.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\makeatletter{\catcode`\@=11\relax}
\def\makeatother{\catcode`\@=12\relax}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{oldcomments}
% NOTE: the following hacking must precede the definition of \:
%  as math medium space.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\:{\let\@sptoken= } \:  % this makes \@sptoken a space token
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\:{\@xifnch} \expandafter\def\: {\futurelet\@tempc\@ifnch}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@ifstar#1#2{\@ifnextchar *{\def\@tempa*{#1}\@tempa}{#2}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@dblarg#1{\@ifnextchar[{#1}{\@xdblarg{#1}}}
\long\def\@xdblarg#1#2{#1[{#2}]{#2}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% The command \@sanitize changes the catcode of all special characters
% except for braces to 'other'.  It can be used for commands like
% \index that want to write their arguments verbatim.  Needless to
% say, this command should only be executed within a group, or chaos
% will ensue.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\@sanitize{\@makeother\ \@makeother\\\@makeother\$\@makeother\&%
\@makeother\#\@makeother\^\@makeother\_\@makeother\%\@makeother\~}
%</2ekernel>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \end{oldcomments}
%
% \Finale
\endinput