Security Best Practices for staRburst

This guide covers security considerations for deploying and using staRburst in production environments.

1. Credential Management

❌ DON’T: Hard-code Credentials

Never hard-code AWS credentials in your code:

# NEVER DO THIS - credentials exposed in code
Sys.setenv(
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = "AKIA...",
  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = "wJalr..."
)

Why it’s dangerous: - Credentials in code can be committed to version control - Logs may capture environment variables - Code sharing exposes credentials

✅ DO: Use IAM Roles (Recommended)

When running on AWS infrastructure (EC2, ECS, Lambda):

# No credentials needed - automatically uses instance/task IAM role
library(starburst)
plan(starburst, workers = 10)

Benefits: - No credential management required - Automatic credential rotation - Fine-grained permissions via IAM policies - Audit trail via CloudTrail

Setup: 1. Create IAM role with required permissions 2. Attach role to EC2 instance or ECS task 3. staRburst automatically discovers and uses role credentials

✅ DO: Use Named Profiles (Local Development)

For local development, use AWS CLI profiles:

# Credentials stored in ~/.aws/credentials
Sys.setenv(AWS_PROFILE = "my-starburst-profile")

library(starburst)
plan(starburst, workers = 10)

Setup:

# Configure AWS CLI profile
aws configure --profile my-starburst-profile

✅ DO: Use Temporary Credentials (STS)

For cross-account access or enhanced security:

library(paws.security.identity)
sts <- paws.security.identity::sts()

# Assume role with MFA
credentials <- sts$assume_role(
  RoleArn = "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/StarburstRole",
  RoleSessionName = "starburst-session",
  SerialNumber = "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:mfa/user",
  TokenCode = "123456"  # MFA token
)

# Use temporary credentials
Sys.setenv(
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = credentials$Credentials$AccessKeyId,
  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = credentials$Credentials$SecretAccessKey,
  AWS_SESSION_TOKEN = credentials$Credentials$SessionToken
)

Benefits: - Time-limited credentials (expire after 1-12 hours) - Can require MFA for sensitive operations - Separate credentials for different roles

2. S3 Bucket Security

Minimum Required Permissions

Create an IAM policy for staRburst workers:

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "StarburstWorkerAccess",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:PutObject",
        "s3:DeleteObject",
        "s3:ListBucket"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::my-starburst-bucket",
        "arn:aws:s3:::my-starburst-bucket/*"
      ],
      "Condition": {
        "StringLike": {
          "s3:prefix": ["sessions/*", "tasks/*", "results/*"]
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

Enable Server-Side Encryption

Encrypt data at rest in S3:

# Option 1: Enable default encryption via AWS Console or CLI
library(paws.storage)
s3 <- paws.storage::s3()

s3$put_bucket_encryption(
  Bucket = "my-starburst-bucket",
  ServerSideEncryptionConfiguration = list(
    Rules = list(
      list(
        ApplyServerSideEncryptionByDefault = list(
          SSEAlgorithm = "AES256"  # Or "aws:kms" for KMS
        ),
        BucketKeyEnabled = TRUE
      )
    )
  )
)

Encryption Options: - AES256 - S3-managed keys (SSE-S3, free) - aws:kms - AWS KMS managed keys (SSE-KMS, more control, costs apply) - aws:kms:dsse - Dual-layer encryption for compliance (SSE-KMS-DSSE)

Enable Versioning

Protect against accidental deletion:

s3$put_bucket_versioning(
  Bucket = "my-starburst-bucket",
  VersioningConfiguration = list(
    Status = "Enabled"
  )
)

Benefits: - Recover from accidental deletions - Rollback to previous versions - Required for certain compliance frameworks

Block Public Access

Ensure bucket is never publicly accessible:

s3$put_public_access_block(
  Bucket = "my-starburst-bucket",
  PublicAccessBlockConfiguration = list(
    BlockPublicAcls = TRUE,
    IgnorePublicAcls = TRUE,
    BlockPublicPolicy = TRUE,
    RestrictPublicBuckets = TRUE
  )
)

Use Bucket Policies

Restrict access to specific IAM roles:

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "DenyUnencryptedObjectUploads",
      "Effect": "Deny",
      "Principal": "*",
      "Action": "s3:PutObject",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-starburst-bucket/*",
      "Condition": {
        "StringNotEquals": {
          "s3:x-amz-server-side-encryption": "AES256"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "Sid": "DenyInsecureTransport",
      "Effect": "Deny",
      "Principal": "*",
      "Action": "s3:*",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-starburst-bucket/*",
      "Condition": {
        "Bool": {
          "aws:SecureTransport": "false"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

3. Network Isolation

Use Private Subnets (For Sensitive Workloads)

Deploy workers in private subnets without internet access:

library(starburst)

# Configure to use private subnets
starburst_config(
  subnets = c("subnet-private-1a", "subnet-private-1b"),
  security_groups = c("sg-starburst-workers")
)

plan(starburst, workers = 10)

Requirements for Private Subnets: - VPC endpoints for S3, ECR, CloudWatch Logs - NAT Gateway if internet access needed for some operations

Configure Security Groups

Minimal security group (no inbound, only outbound):

{
  "GroupName": "starburst-workers",
  "Description": "Security group for staRburst ECS tasks",
  "VpcId": "vpc-...",
  "SecurityGroupIngress": [],
  "SecurityGroupEgress": [
    {
      "IpProtocol": "tcp",
      "FromPort": 443,
      "ToPort": 443,
      "CidrIp": "0.0.0.0/0",
      "Description": "HTTPS to AWS services"
    }
  ]
}

Enable VPC Endpoints (Recommended)

Avoid internet traffic for AWS service calls:

S3 Gateway Endpoint (free):

aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \
  --vpc-id vpc-... \
  --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.s3 \
  --route-table-ids rtb-...

ECR Interface Endpoints (charges apply):

# ECR API endpoint
aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \
  --vpc-id vpc-... \
  --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.ecr.api \
  --vpc-endpoint-type Interface \
  --subnet-ids subnet-... \
  --security-group-ids sg-...

# ECR Docker endpoint
aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \
  --vpc-id vpc-... \
  --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.ecr.dkr \
  --vpc-endpoint-type Interface \
  --subnet-ids subnet-... \
  --security-group-ids sg-...

CloudWatch Logs Endpoint:

aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \
  --vpc-id vpc-... \
  --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.logs \
  --vpc-endpoint-type Interface \
  --subnet-ids subnet-... \
  --security-group-ids sg-...

Benefits: - All AWS API traffic stays within AWS network - Reduced data transfer costs - Better security posture (no internet exposure)

4. Cost Controls

Set Budget Alerts

Create AWS Budget to monitor staRburst costs:

Go to AWS Billing Console → Budgets
Click Create budget
Choose Cost budget
Set monthly budget (e.g., $500)
Configure alerts:
- 50% actual spend → Email warning
- 80% actual spend → Email alert
- 100% actual spend → Email urgent alert + SNS notification

Use Worker Limits

staRburst enforces maximum 500 workers per plan:

# This will error - prevents accidental huge deployments
plan(starburst, workers = 10000)
# Error: Workers must be <= 500

# Maximum allowed
plan(starburst, workers = 500)

Monitor Active Sessions

Regularly check for orphaned sessions:

# List all sessions
sessions <- starburst_list_sessions()
print(sessions)

# Cleanup old sessions
for (session_id in sessions$session_id) {
  # Check if session is old
  created_date <- as.Date(sessions$created_at[sessions$session_id == session_id])
  if (Sys.Date() - created_date > 7) {
    cat(sprintf("Cleaning up old session: %s\n", session_id))
    session <- starburst_session_attach(session_id)
    session$cleanup(stop_workers = TRUE, force = TRUE)
  }
}

Use Absolute Timeouts

Prevent sessions from running indefinitely:

# Session auto-terminates after 24 hours
session <- starburst_session(
  workers = 10,
  absolute_timeout = 86400  # 24 hours in seconds
)

Cost Estimation

Before launching large jobs:

# Estimate cost
workers <- 100
cpu <- 4
memory_gb <- 8
runtime_hours <- 2

# Fargate pricing (us-east-1, 2026)
vcpu_price <- 0.04048
memory_price <- 0.004445

cost_per_worker <- (cpu * vcpu_price) + (memory_gb * memory_price)
total_cost <- workers * cost_per_worker * runtime_hours

cat(sprintf("Estimated cost: $%.2f for %d hours\n", total_cost, runtime_hours))
# Estimated cost: $19.84 for 2 hours

5. Audit Logging

Enable CloudTrail

Capture all API calls for security auditing:

AWS Console → CloudTrail
Create trail
Apply to all regions
Enable for management events
Enable for data events (optional, for S3 object-level logging)

What CloudTrail Captures: - Who launched staRburst workers (IAM user/role) - When tasks were created/stopped - S3 object access (if data events enabled) - API failures and authorization errors

Enable CloudWatch Logs

staRburst automatically logs to CloudWatch:

Log Group: /aws/ecs/starburst-worker
Retention: 7 days (default)

Increase retention for compliance:

library(paws.management)
logs <- paws.management::cloudwatchlogs()

logs$put_retention_policy(
  logGroupName = "/aws/ecs/starburst-worker",
  retentionInDays = 30  # or 90, 180, 365, etc.
)

Enable S3 Access Logging

Track all S3 bucket access:

s3$put_bucket_logging(
  Bucket = "my-starburst-bucket",
  BucketLoggingStatus = list(
    LoggingEnabled = list(
      TargetBucket = "my-logging-bucket",
      TargetPrefix = "starburst-access-logs/"
    )
  )
)

Access logs include: - Who accessed objects - When objects were accessed - What operations were performed - Source IP addresses

Review Security Events

Regularly review logs for suspicious activity:

# CloudWatch Insights query for failed authentications
library(paws.management)
logs <- paws.management::cloudwatchlogs()

# Query for errors in last 24 hours
query <- "fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @message like /ERROR|AccessDenied|Forbidden/
| sort @timestamp desc"

start_time <- as.integer(Sys.time() - 86400)  # 24 hours ago
end_time <- as.integer(Sys.time())

result <- logs$start_query(
  logGroupName = "/aws/ecs/starburst-worker",
  startTime = start_time,
  endTime = end_time,
  queryString = query
)

6. Data Protection

Minimize Data Uploaded to S3

Only send necessary data to workers:

# ✅ Good - only send needed data
large_data <- read.csv("huge_dataset.csv")
sample_data <- large_data[1:1000, ]  # Use sample for testing

plan(starburst, workers = 10)
results <- future_map(1:10, function(i) {
  # sample_data automatically uploaded as global
  analyze(sample_data[i, ])
})

# ❌ Bad - sends entire large dataset
plan(starburst, workers = 10)
results <- future_map(1:10, function(i) {
  analyze(large_data[i, ])  # Uploads all of large_data
})

Delete Results After Collection

# Collect and immediately delete from S3
session <- starburst_session(workers = 10)
task_id <- session$submit(quote(sensitive_computation()))

# Wait for completion
results <- session$collect(wait = TRUE)

# Immediately cleanup (force = TRUE deletes S3 files)
session$cleanup(force = TRUE)

# Save results locally if needed
saveRDS(results, "local_results.rds")

Consider Client-Side Encryption

For highly sensitive data:

# Encrypt before upload
library(sodium)

# Generate key (store securely, e.g., AWS Secrets Manager)
key <- random(32)

# Encrypt data before passing to future
sensitive_data <- serialize(my_data, NULL)
encrypted_data <- data_encrypt(sensitive_data, key)

# Run computation
plan(starburst, workers = 1)
result <- future({
  # Decrypt in worker
  decrypted <- data_decrypt(encrypted_data, key)
  my_data <- unserialize(decrypted)
  # Process...
})

7. Container Image Security

Use Minimal Base Images

staRburst uses multi-stage builds to minimize image size:

Base image includes only essential R packages
Project images layer on top of base
Smaller images = fewer potential vulnerabilities

Scan Images for Vulnerabilities

Enable ECR image scanning:

library(paws.compute)
ecr <- paws.compute::ecr()

ecr$put_image_scanning_configuration(
  repositoryName = "starburst-worker",
  imageScanningConfiguration = list(
    scanOnPush = TRUE
  )
)

Use Image Lifecycle Policies

Automatically delete old images:

# Delete images older than 30 days
ecr$put_lifecycle_policy(
  repositoryName = "starburst-worker",
  lifecyclePolicyText = jsonlite::toJSON(list(
    rules = list(
      list(
        rulePriority = 1,
        description = "Delete old images",
        selection = list(
          tagStatus = "any",
          countType = "sinceImagePushed",
          countUnit = "days",
          countNumber = 30
        ),
        action = list(type = "expire")
      )
    )
  ), auto_unbox = TRUE)
)

8. Compliance Considerations

HIPAA Compliance

For HIPAA-regulated workloads:

Sign AWS Business Associate Agreement (BAA)
Use only HIPAA-eligible services (Fargate, S3, ECR are eligible)
Enable encryption at rest (S3, EBS) and in transit (TLS)
Enable audit logging (CloudTrail, CloudWatch Logs)
Implement access controls (IAM, VPC, Security Groups)
Use private subnets with VPC endpoints

SOC 2 Compliance

For SOC 2 compliance:

Enable CloudTrail in all regions
Enable AWS Config for configuration compliance
Use AWS Organizations for multi-account management
Implement least-privilege IAM policies
Enable MFA for all IAM users
Review access quarterly

9. Incident Response

If Credentials Are Compromised

Immediate Actions: 1. Disable/rotate credentials immediately 2. Review CloudTrail logs for unauthorized activity 3. Check for new resources created by attacker 4. Terminate suspicious ECS tasks 5. Review S3 bucket access logs

# List all active sessions
sessions <- starburst_list_sessions()

# Check for sessions you didn't create
print(sessions)

# Cleanup suspicious sessions
for (session_id in suspicious_ids) {
  session <- starburst_session_attach(session_id)
  session$cleanup(stop_workers = TRUE, force = TRUE)
}

If Data Breach Suspected

Isolate affected resources (change security groups)
Review S3 access logs for unauthorized downloads
Check CloudTrail for API calls
Preserve evidence (don’t delete logs)
Notify security team and legal counsel
Follow incident response plan

Security Best Practices for staRburst

Security Best Practices for staRburst

1. Credential Management

❌ DON’T: Hard-code Credentials

✅ DO: Use IAM Roles (Recommended)

✅ DO: Use Named Profiles (Local Development)

✅ DO: Use Temporary Credentials (STS)

2. S3 Bucket Security

Minimum Required Permissions

Enable Server-Side Encryption

Enable Versioning

Block Public Access

Use Bucket Policies

3. Network Isolation

Use Private Subnets (For Sensitive Workloads)

Configure Security Groups

Enable VPC Endpoints (Recommended)

4. Cost Controls

Set Budget Alerts

Use Worker Limits

Monitor Active Sessions

Use Absolute Timeouts

Cost Estimation

5. Audit Logging

Enable CloudTrail

Enable CloudWatch Logs

Enable S3 Access Logging

Review Security Events

6. Data Protection

Minimize Data Uploaded to S3

Delete Results After Collection

Consider Client-Side Encryption

7. Container Image Security

Use Minimal Base Images

Scan Images for Vulnerabilities

Use Image Lifecycle Policies

8. Compliance Considerations

HIPAA Compliance

GDPR Compliance

SOC 2 Compliance

9. Incident Response

If Credentials Are Compromised

If Data Breach Suspected

10. Security Checklist

Additional Resources

See Also