\begindata{text,538389576} \textdsversion{12} \template{help} \define{global } \chapter{Table: Making Tables and Spreadsheets} \section{What Table is} \leftindent{The Table program allows you to create and print tabular displays of information, both as regular tables and as spreadsheets. A spreadsheet is a table into which you can insert formulas to perform many kinds of mathematical calculations on the contents of the table. You can include a wide variety of information in a Table document, including numbers, text, and the results of calculations. You can include all the different inset types (EZ text, Raster, Zip, Eq and Fad) in a Table document, \italic{or} incorporate tables into other EZ text documents. \ This help document contains the following parts: Starting Table Moving around \ Single Cell Related Information: \leftindent{Selecting cells Entering character strings Entering formulas -numbers -dates -mathematical operators -cell references Editing, deleting and copying cells contents Including insets} Row and Column Related Information \leftindent{Selecting entire columns, rows and lines \ Changing cell size and appearance Adding, deleting and moving rows and columns Saving, quitting, previewing and printing }\ Pop-Up Menu Meanings List of operators and functions Error Messages Authors Related Tools}\leftindent{ } \section{Starting Table} \leftindent{You can edit a table either in its own window, or as an inset in a text document. \ \bold{Starting Table in its own window.} To start Table as a stand-alone program in its own window, type \ \leftindent{ez \italic{filename.table}} at the command prompt, and press Enter. Using the \bold{.}table extension automatically tells EZ to create a Table document. \ You can also type \ \leftindent{table \italic{filename}} and press Enter to get a Table window. The \bold{.}table extension is not necessary in this case, and in later editing sessions you can type \bold{ez} as well as \bold{table} to access the file created. If you type \bold{table} without specifying a filename, the Table program prompts you on the message line for a filename; you cannot begin editing until you provide one. \bold{Starting Table as a inset.} You can create a table as an inset in an EZ text document by moving the text caret to the location where you want to inset a table, typing Esc-Tab and specifying "table" at the "Data object to insert here:" prompt. You can also inset a table you have created separately, by using the \bold{Insert File} menu option and specifying a Table file. (See the \italic{\helptopic{insets} }help document for details about adding insets.) \bold{Table's layout.} When the new table appears, you will see a grid consisting of rectangular boxes (called cells) arranged in 10 rows and 5 columns. Number headings appear at the top of each column and the left edge of each row. Neither the dotted lines outlining the cells nor the number headings will show in a finished, printed table, but they are very useful while you are creating and editing the table. The dotted lines show you how big the cells are, and where information is positioned within the cell (you can change both cell size and entry position). The number headings allow you to refer to specific cells in spreadsheet formulas, and to select entire rows and columns. \ The message area at the bottom of the window is particularly important in Table, because you insert and edit cell entries by selecting the cell (see below) and then typing the information on the message line, rather than into the cell itself. \ \bold{Differences between Table alone and as an inset.} If you start Table by itself, scrollbars will appear both at the left and the top of the window. The top horizontal scrollbar allows you to move left-right across the table, and operates just like all Andrew scrollbars. Scrollbars are not available for insets, making moving around somewhat less convenient (see the next section on \bold{Moving around}). \ When Table is an inset in another document, you can make the dotted lines and numbers disappear, so that the table looks like it will in the finished document. An inset table has an invisible boundary around it (you can tell where it is because the cursor changes when it is moved in and out of the inset boundary). Clicking in the area outside this boundary causes the dotted lines and number labels to disappear. Clicking in the area inside the boundary causes the lines and numbers to reappear. When you use Table in its own window, it is not possible to make the dotted lines and numbers disappear, except by looking at your table in a Preview window (see the section on \bold{Preview}).} \leftindent{\bold{Warnings.} Because Table uses the message area both for displaying system messages and for entering information into the cells, it will sometimes happen that a system message (such as "Checkpointing...") appears while you are typing a cell entry. You must edit the message out of your entry or it is likely to cause an error message to appear in the cell. } \ \section{Moving around} \leftindent{\bold{Using the cursor and scrollbar.} You move around in a Table document in the same basic way as in any EZ document, by using the cursor. Table's cursor looks like a square, with four cross hairs pointing into its center. Placing the cursor in a cell and clicking the left mouse button selects the cell (see the next section on \bold{Selecting cells}). If your table is too large to be visible all at once in the window, you can use the scrollbars to bring other regions of the table into the window. \bold{Using the arrow keys.} Once you have selected a cell, you can move through the cells by means of the 4 arrow keys. Each cell is selected as you move into it, and its contents appear on the message line. For inset tables, using the arrow keys is the only way to move into a region of the table that is not currently visible. \ \bold{Using the Tab and Enter keys.} Once you have selected a cell, pressing the Tab key moves you across the row to the right, selecting each cell in turn and displaying its contents in the message line. If you continue to press Tab after reaching the end of the row, you will add new columns to the table. \ Pressing the Enter key moves you to the left-most cell in the next row, selecting it and displaying its contents in the message line. If you continue to press Enter after reaching the bottom of the table, you will add new rows.} \section{Selecting cells} \leftindent{You must select a cell in order to insert or edit an entry. You can put the same entry into many cells (useful for formulas in spreadsheets) by selecting a block of cells. \leftindent{\ } \bold{Selecting a single cell.} Move the cursor over the cell you want to select and click the left mouse button. A dark rectangle appears around the cell. The contents of the selected cell appear on the message line at the bottom of the window, where you can edit them. \ \bold{Selecting a block of cells.} You can select whole blocks of adjacent cells so that any actions you take will affect all of them at once. \ \ \leftindent{1) Move the cursor into a cell and select it by clicking the left mouse button. \ 2) Move the cursor to the cell at the diagonally "opposite corner" of the block of cells that you want to select. \ 3) Click the \bold{right} mouse button. The first selected cell is marked with a dark box around it (just like in the single cell case), and all the rest of the cells are darkened in reverse video. The contents of the first selected cell appear in the message line.} If the cell in which you right-click is in the same row or column as the first selected cell, only cells in that row or column are selected. If the cell in which you right-click is in a different row and column, then Table acts as though the initially selected cell is one corner of a rectangle, and the cursor's location the diagonally opposite corner; it selects all the cells within the rectangle. \ Any actions you take will affect all the selected cells. Thus even though the contents of only the first selected cell appear on the message line, anything you now type will appear in all the selected cells, replacing their previous contents. \ Another way to select multiple cells is to select a first cell and, while continuing to hold down the left button, drag the cursor to the "opposite corner" cell. This method allows you to see each cell darken (become selected) as you move through it. Note, however, that because you cannot move the cursor outside the confines of the window, the first method is preferred. It allows you to extend the selection into regions not presently in the window because it leaves the cursor "free" to be used in the scrollbar--you can move the area containing the desired end cell into the window and complete the selection by clicking the right button. }\section{Entering character strings } \leftindent{Character strings are sequences of alphabetic characters (such as words and phrases) that you use to display short titles or labels in a table. To include longer stretches of text, or to apply styles to the text in a table, you have to use a text inset (see the section below on \bold{Including insets}).} \leftindent{You can position a character string in a cell in three different ways: left-justified, right-justified or centered. To enter a character string: \leftindent{1) Select the cell where you want the character string entry to appear. \ 2) For a left-justified entry, type \bold{' }(single quote) and the character string. (You can omit the single quote for a left-justified entry which begins with a letter.) For a right-justified entry, type\bold{ "} (double quote) and the character string. For a centered entry, type \bold{^} (usually, shift-6) and the character string. 3) As soon as you begin typing, the entry appears in the message line. 4) When you are finished, press Enter. The character string appears in the selected cell, positioned appropriately.}} \leftindent{If you type part of an entry, but then select another cell before pressing Enter, what you have typed will not be inserted into the cell; the message line reads "Input canceled!" If you select a block of cells and make an entry, the entry is inserted into every cell of the selected block. If your entry is too long to fit in the cell, Table displays as much as possible. Either shorten the character string, or make the cell bigger by combining it with other cells or changing its size (see the section on \bold{Changing cell size and appearance}). For very long stretches of text, it may be best to add a text inset. You can enter numbers as character strings if you want to control their position within a cell exactly. Such number entries cannot be referred to by formulas, however, and so are not useful in spreadsheets.} \section{Entering formulas} \leftindent{Table's ability to handle formulas is what makes it useful as a spreadsheet program. The range of information you can include in formulas is much larger than for character strings, and includes numbers, dates, references to other cells, and mathematical operations on numbers and references. You enter all formulas in the same basic way.} \leftindent{To enter a formula into a cell: \leftindent{1) Select the cell. 2) Type the formula, and it appears on the message line. If your formula begins with a letter, precede it with an equals sign ( = ) to distinguish it from a character string. 3) When the formula is complete, press Enter. The results of the formula appear in the selected cell.}} \leftindent{It is important to remember that when you enter a formula (other than a plain number), you are asking Table to perform a calculation for you, and it will display the \italic{results} of the calculation in the selected cell, not the formula you typed. If your formula is displayed instead of the results of the calculation, you probably forgot to begin the formula with an equals sign ( = ) to distinguish it from a character string. As with character strings, if you select a different cell before pressing Enter, the entry is canceled, and "Input canceled!" appears in the message line. \ If you select a block of cells and enter a formula, the formula is used to calculate the entry for every cell of the selected block. Unlike the analogous operation with character strings, these entries will not necessarily be all the same, especially if the formula includes cell references (see below). \ If the selected cell is too small to display all of a number (either one that you enter, or one that results from a calculation), an asterisk (\bold{*}) appears instead. Table remembers the value of the number, however, and you can make the cell bigger in order to display it (see the section below on \bold{Changing cell size and appearance}). If Table cannot calculate the formula as you have typed it, an error indicator will appear in the affected cell. Common reasons for error messages are that your formula asks Table to perform calculations on non-numerical entries, or includes an illegal reference to another cell. See the section below on \bold{Error Messages} for a complete list. }\ \leftindent{By default, Table displays numbers (both those that you type in and those that result from formulas) with up to 2 digits after the decimal, rounding if necessary. However, it stores the entire number for use in calculations. You can change the number of decimal digits displayed with the \bold{Precision} option on the \italic{Number Format} menu card. You can also display numbers in several different formats (as dollar amounts or percentages, for example). See the section on \bold{Pop-Up Menu Meanings} for details.} \leftindent{\bold{Including numbers in formulas.} Entering a number as a formula means that you can use it in calculations later. Simply select the cell and type in the number. }\ \leftindent{\bold{Including dates in formulas.} You can use Table to calculate the number of days between two dates in this century. When you enter a date into a cell, Table calculates the number of days between the date and December 31, 1899. You can then perform calculations on the result as you would on any number. \ To enter a date, select a cell and enter the date as \bold{day-month-year} (examples: 12 june 1987, September 1915, 21 Aug 63). As the examples demonstrate, capitalization does not matter, and you can abbreviate the year to two digits and the month name to a shorter string (but it must be unambiguous). If you omit the day of the month, the 1st is assumed. \ To display a date in a cell as a date rather than a number, select the cell and choose one of the format options on the \italic{Date Format} menu card. See the section \bold{Pop-Up Menu Meanings} below for details about the available date formats.} \leftindent{\bold{Including operator symbols in formulas.} Table uses the following symbols for common mathematical operations. They are listed in order of binding precedence (that is, Table performs exponentiation first and does multiplication before addition, as in standard arithmetic). \leftindent{^ exponentiation (so \bold{r^2} means ``r squared") \ - indicates a negative number *\bold{ } multiplication / division + addition - subtraction = equals > greater than < less than <> not-equals >= greater-or-equal <= less-or-equal}\bold{ } The last six operators in the list are called "comparison operators." They tell Table to test if the indicated relationship is true of the elements (numbers or cells reference values) in the formula. Table displays a \bold{1} in the cell associated with the formula if the comparison is true and a \bold{0} for false. These operators can be used in sequence, so that \bold{a>b>c} is true only if \bold{b} is between \bold{a} and \bold{c}.} \leftindent{\bold{Including references to other cells in formulas.} One of Table's most useful spreadsheet features is that it is very easy to include the value from any other cell in a calculation. For example, you can add together a long series of cells in a column and have Table display the sum in the last cell in the column. An even more helpful feature is that if you ever change the value in a cell referred to by a formula, Table automatically recalculates the result of the formula. You include cell references in the form \bold{[}\italic{row-number}\bold{,} \italic{column-number}\bold{]}, where row-number and column-number refer to the row and column of the cell being referenced. (Recall that a column-number appears at the top of each column and a row-number at the left end of each row.) Cell references can be either "absolute" or "relative."} \ \leftindent{An example of an \italic{\bold{absolute reference}} is \bold{[3,4]}, which refers to the cell in row 3, column 4. \ A \bold{\italic{relative reference}} is one that refers to a cell in terms of the location of the cell where the formula appears (which can be called the "formula cell"). In relative references, the letters \bold{r} and \bold{c} stand for the row-number and column-number of the formula cell. Thus, to reference the cell just above the formula cell and in the same column, you would type \bold{[r-1,c]}.} \leftindent{\bold{\italic{An example.}} Suppose you want to add together the values in the three cells above the formula cell, which is cell \bold{[7,4].} You could use absolute references and type \bold{[4,4]+[5,4]+[6,4]}, or you could use relative references and type \bold{[r-3,c]+[r-2,c]+[r-1,c]}. (Notice that neither type of formula includes any extra spaces between characters.) The same result would be displayed in cell \bold{[7,4]} in either case, but relative references are generally preferred because of their greater generality and flexibility. For example, you can perform a summation of three cells in another column simply by copying the formula into a cell in the new column, because nothing in the formula refers to the specific cells in the original column.} \leftindent{\bold{\italic{An easy way to add relative references.}} Another advantage of relative references is that you do not have to type them in. Instead, follow this procedure: \ \leftindent{1) Select the formula cell and press Backspace to bring the text caret onto the message line. \ 2) Move the cursor to the cell whose value you want to include in the formula and click the \bold{right} mouse button. Do not click the left button, or you will select the new cell instead of the formula cell, and your input will be canceled. 3) The relative reference of the cell appears on the message line. \ 4) Move to another cell and click the right button to include its relative reference in the formula. You can type in any operator or function between references, but Table inserts a default + sign if you do not type anything. 5) When you are finished, press Enter. Table displays the result of the formula in the formula cell.} \bold{\italic{Using cell ranges.}} Some functions can apply to entire blocks, or "ranges," of cells (see the \bold{List of operators and functions}). To indicate a range of cells for a formula, specify the cell references of the first cell in the range and the last cell in the range (the one at the opposite corner of the block), separated by a colon. For example, to sum all the cells in the first five rows of columns 1 and 2, type \bold{sum([1,1]:[5,2])}.} \section{Editing, deleting and copying character strings and formulas} \leftindent{The procedures for editing, deleting and copying are the same for character strings and formulas.} \ \leftindent{\bold{Editing cell entries.} To change a cell entry: \leftindent{1) Select the cell where the entry appears. The entry appears on the message line. 2) Press Backspace. A text caret appears at the end of the entry. 3) To add characters to the end of the string, type them in. 4) To delete characters from the string, use the cursor (which becomes the familiar curved arrow when you bring it onto the message line) to move the text caret around in the message line. The message line acts just like text in EZ: you can select pieces of text and choose \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} from the menu card. You can then \bold{Paste} the cut or copied text somewhere else within the message line if you wish. 4) When the new entry is as you want it, press Enter. It appears in the selected cell. }\ Once you bring the text caret onto the message line by pressing Backspace, you can also delete characters by repeatedly pressing Backspace to move over them. \bold{Deleting cell entries.} Select the cell and choose \bold{Cut} from the front menu card. The contents of the cell are erased. You can delete the contents of all the cells in a block by selecting them all before choosing \bold{Cut}.\bold{ }You can also delete cell entries by using the Backspace key as for editing, pressing Enter when nothing remains on the message line.} \leftindent{\bold{Copying a cell entry. } Select the cell whose contents you wish to copy and choose \bold{Copy} from the front menu card. Select the cell into which you want to paste and choose \bold{Paste} from the front menu card. The contents appear in both cells. Note that when you copy a formula, you are copying the formula itself and not the results displayed in the cell. The display in the new cell will not necessarily match the display in the original cell, especially if the formula includes relative cell references.} \ \leftindent{\bold{Copying multiple cell entries.} You can copy (or cut and paste) the contents of a block of cells into another block of cells by selecting all the cells in the block and choosing \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} from the front menu card. Then select the block of empty cells into which you want to paste and choose \bold{Paste} from the front menu card. Note, however, that the results are predictable only if the second block of cells is the same size and shape as the original block. If the second block is smaller or a different shape than the original, only some of the original information will be copied in. If the second block is bigger, Table will cycle through the original information as many times as necessary to fill the second block. This is handy if you want to fill a table with repetitive information. Note also that if you wish to copy a block containing empty cells (for instance, you may wish to copy a row that includes empty cells at its end into another row), you must tell Table that the cells are really empty by putting a \bold{\italic{null entry }}in each one. To create a null entry, select the cell, press Backspace to bring the text caret onto the message line and then press Enter without typing anything. Even though all empty cells look the same in the table, Table distinguishes between cells with null entries and cells into which you have simply never entered anything. When you copy a block containing the second kind of "never-entered" cells, Table does not copy them and will fill up the extra space in the new block by cycling through the cells that do contain entries. } \ \section{Including insets }\ \leftindent{Because Table belongs to the family of EZ programs, you can put EZ text, Raster, Zip, Eq and Fad insets in the cells of a table, as well as include tables as insets in text documents. At the present, however, you should not do both at once (i.e., inset a table containing insets into a text document) or you may encounter editing and printing problems. \ You should be aware that at present Zip insets in Table can behave unpredictably. For example, some users have found that sometimes (but not consistently) only the Zip menus are available, even if the selected cell does not contain the Zip inset. \bold{Adding insets.} To add an inset to a cell, perform the following steps. \leftindent{\bold{Note: } When you add most insets, Table automatically enlarges the cell to accommodate them, but has no way of knowing just how large you want the inset to be. If you know it is going to be large (a whole raster, say) it is easier to enlarge the cell \italic{before} inserting the inset. Either combine the cell with others or make its column and row wider.} \leftindent{ 1. Select the cell. \ 2. Choose the \bold{Imbed} menu option from the \italic{Cells} menu card, or type Esc-Tab. 3. When the following prompt appears: \leftindent{Data object to enter here (text):} press Enter to imbed a text inset, or type the name of another inset and press Enter. }}\leftindent{ }\ \leftindent{\bold{Editing insets.} You can edit an inset in a Table cell just as though it were a stand-alone document. Select the cell containing the inset as you would any cell. The inset's own cursor appears and the menus appropriate to the inset are available (except selected region menus in a text inset; see directly below). For details about insets, see the \italic{\helptopic{insets}} help document or the help document for the type of inset you are using.} \leftindent{\bold{Including styles in text insets.} If you wish to apply styles within a text inset, you have to add the selected region menus to the inset by choosing \bold{Add Template} from the \italic{File }menu card, which brings up the prompt "Add styles from template:" on the message line. To get the regular template and styles, type "default" at the prompt and press Enter.} \ \leftindent{Note that when you print your table, any styles you have applied in an inset will also apply to the entries in the following regular cells, unless you create a "style boundary." To do so, select a small region in the inset that directly follows the styled text and chose \bold{Plainest} from the front menu card.} \ \leftindent{\bold{Deleting insets.} After you place an inset in a cell, clicking on the cell selects the inset, not the cell that contains it. This allows you to enter information and use the menus in the inset. However, to delete an inset, you need to select the cell itself. To select a cell and delete an inset: \leftindent{ 1. Move the cursor to the border of the cell. \ 2. When the cross hairs are aligned over the border, press the left mouse button to select the line, move into the cell, and release the button. This darkens the entire cell, indicating that the cell is selected rather than the inset it contains. 3. Choose \bold{Cut} from the menus to delete the inset. }} \ \section{Selecting entire columns, rows and lines} \leftindent{In order to manipulate entire columns and rows, or draw in lines in a table, you must first select the column, row or line.} \leftindent{\bold{Selecting columns.} You can select all of the cells in a column by left-clicking in the "number area" above the column at the top of the table (where the number heading appears). A dark box appears around the entire column. If the window is too short to display the entire length of the column, Table adjusts the view so that the bottom row is visible. Any action you now perform will affect all the cells in the column. \ To select multiple columns, press and hold the left-mouse button while the cursor is in the number area above the first column to be selected. Move the cursor into the number areas of the adjacent column(s) you want to select, while continuing to hold down the left button. You cannot select multiple columns as you would multiple cells --by clicking the left mouse button in the first column and the right mouse button in the last column--because the right button has a special function in the number area (see the section on \bold{Changing cell appearance and size}). If you want to select the entire column, but for some reason you need to see the top cells instead of the bottom ones, you can use another method that does not cause Table to move the window to show the bottom cells. Select the top cell in the column, and move the cursor into the number area while holding down the left button. The top cell is surrounded by a darkened box, and the number area and all the rest of the cells appear in reverse video. The contents of the top cell appear on the message line.} \leftindent{\bold{Selecting rows.} You can select all of the cells in a row by clicking the left mouse button in the number area at the left end of the row. As with column selection, a darkened box appears around the entire row, and Table adjusts the window so that the last cell in the row is visible. Any action you take affects all the cells in the row. The procedures for selecting multiple rows and avoiding the automatic window adjustment are similar to the procedures for column selection described above, except that you use the number area at the left of the row.} \leftindent{\bold{Selecting single lines.} You can select single borderlines of a cell, rather than the whole cell and its contents, by carefully positioning the cross hairs of the cursor on the border itself. (You need to do this to draw in solid lines that appear in printed output.) To select a vertical line: \leftindent{1) Position the cursor's vertical cross hairs directly over the vertical cell border where you want the line to begin, and click the left mouse button. That single cell border is selected. If you wish to select a longer line: 2) Move the cursor up or down the border to the cell where you want the line to end. Position the cross hairs carefully on the border. 3) Click the \bold{right} mouse button. The selected line darkens.} The procedure for selecting a horizontal line is similar, except that you position the horizontal cross hairs of the cursor over a horizontal border. \ If you accidentally position the cursor in a cell rather than on a border while completing the selection, you will select a block of cells rather than a line. If this happens, simply move the cross hairs over the border and click the right mouse button again. } \section{Changing cell size and appearance } \leftindent{\bold{Changing column width. } Table gives you columns of a default width, but you can make them both wider (to accommodate longer entries) or less wide (to avoid wasted white space). To change the width of an entire column of cells: \leftindent{1) Move the cursor into the number area above the top border of the table, positioning it just above the column borderline that you wish to move. (You can move any borderline except the left edge of column 1.) 2) Press and hold the \bold{right} mouse button. A solid black line appears, anchored to the borderline and stretching to the center of the cursor. As you move the cursor back and forth in the number area, the line stretches and contracts like a rubber band. 3) Place the center of the cursor where you would like the new borderline to be and release the right mouse button. The table is redrawn with the new cell width.}} \leftindent{\bold{Changing row height.} You change row height in basically the same way as you change column width, except that you position the cursor in the number area at the left edge of the table. Then, press and hold the right mouse button, pull the "rubber band" up or down to the new position you want, and release the button to redraw the line to that position. Changing row height can be trickier than column width because the row borders are rather close together. You can change the height of all rows automatically, so that each row is as tall as needed to display the tallest cell in that row. Select the row(s) and choose \bold{Reset Heights} from the \italic{Cells} menu card. } \ \leftindent{\bold{Combining cells. } Table also allows you to change the size of a single cell by combining it with adjacent cells. Combining cells can be very useful for placing long items, such as row or column titles, in your table. To combine a block of adjacent cells into a single "super-cell," select them all simultaneously (see the section above on \bold{Selecting cells} if you have forgotten how), and choose \bold{Combine} from the \italic{Cells} menu card. The internal boundaries disappear, and the new cell behaves like any other single cell. If the participating cells contained different entries before being combined, then only the entry from the cell that was left- and uppermost is displayed in the new cell. \bold{Separating cells.} You can divide a super-cell back into its smaller, component cells by selecting it and choosing \bold{Separate} from the \italic{Cells} menu card. Table "remembers" what was in the component cells, and displays their individual entries (if any) once again. \bold{Drawing border lines around cells.} The dotted lines in a table will not show up in the printed version. To make lines appear in printed output, you must draw them in. Select the cell or block of cells that you want to outline and choose \bold{Draw box} from the \italic{Cells} menu card. Table draws in solid black lines, but only on the 4 borders of the selected region, not on all the lines within. \ \bold{Drawing single lines.} You can draw in single lines as well as all 4 borders of a region. Select the line as described in the section above on \bold{Selecting single lines}, then choose \bold{Draw box} from the \italic{Cells} menu card. \ \bold{Erasing border and single lines.} To erase any solid border or single lines that you have drawn in, select the appropriate region or line and choose \bold{Erase box} from the \italic{Cells} menu card. }\section{Adding, deleting and moving entire columns and rows}\leftindent{ }\leftindent{ \bold{Adding columns.} You can add a new, empty column of cells anywhere in a table except to the left of column 1. Select the right-hand border of any cell and Press the Tab key. The new column of empty cells appears directly to the right of the selected border. \ You can also add a column by selecting a vertical border of a cell (except the left border of a cell in column 1) and beginning to type an entry. As soon as you begin typing, a new column opens up to the right, and the new cell directly to the right of the selected border becomes selected itself. When you press Enter, what you typed goes into the newly selected cell. (If you initially select a longer border line, all the adjacent new cells are selected and your entry goes into all of them.) \bold{Adding rows.} You can add a new, empty row anywhere in a table (except above row 1). Select the bottom border line of a cell and press Enter. A new row of empty cells appears directly below the selected border. You can also add a row by selecting the bottom border of a cell and beginning to type an entry. As soon as you begin typing, a new row opens up below, and the cell right below the selected border is selected itself. When you press Enter, what you typed goes into the newly selected cell. Be aware that you may encounter difficulty in starting up the Table program later if you add many, many rows. Some users have had problems with tables larger than 500 rows. \bold{Deleting columns.} To delete an entire column (not just the entries in all the cells, but the column itself), select the entire column by clicking the left mouse button on its number label at the top of the table (see the section above on \bold{Selecting columns}). Choose \bold{Cut} from the front menu card.} \leftindent{\bold{Deleting rows.} To delete an entire row (not just the entries in all the cells, but the row itself), select the entire row by left-clicking on its number label at the left edge of the table (see the section above on \bold{Selecting rows}). Choose \bold{Cut} from the front menu card. \ } \leftindent{\bold{Moving and duplicating columns.} To move or duplicate an entire column or group of adjacent columns somewhere else in a table, first select the entire column(s). Choose \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} from the front menu card. Then select a second column. Choose \bold{Paste}, and the cut/copied column(s) appear to the left of the second column. Note that this is the opposite of inserting new empty columns, which appear to the right of the selected area. You can therefore paste in a column at the left edge of a table; to paste at the right edge, however, you must first create an empty column so that the pasted column can appear to its left (you can later delete the empty column). \bold{Moving and duplicating rows.} To move or duplicate an entire row or group of adjacent rows somewhere else in a table, first select the entire row(s). Choose \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} from the front menu card. Then select a second row. Choose \bold{Paste}, and the cut/copied row(s) appear above the second row. Note that this is the opposite of inserting new empty rows, which appear below the selected area. You can therefore paste in a row at the top of a table; to paste at the bottom, however, you must first create an empty row so that the pasted row can appear above it. }\section{Saving, quitting, previewing and printing }\ \leftindent{\bold{Saving.} You save Table documents like other EZ documents, by choosing \bold{Save} from the front menu card. When your table is saved into a file, the message "Wrote File" and the pathname of your file appear on the message line at the bottom of the window. }\leftindent{ \ \bold{Quitting.} To quit using EZ, choose the \bold{Quit} option from the front menu card. If you try to quit without saving changes you have made to the text, the message \ \leftindent{You have unsaved changes; do you want to quit anyway? }\ appears in a dialogue box. To save the changes you have made, click in the No box and then use \bold{Save} before trying to quit again. To quit without saving the changes you have made, move the round cursor into the Yes box and click the left mouse button. \ \bold{Note:} if you have worked with multiple files during the Table session and have not saved all of them, you may continue to get the dialogue box even though you choose \bold{Save} in the current window before trying to quit. If you do not wish to save the changes you made to the other files, click on the Yes box. If you want to save the changes you made to all files, choose \bold{Save All} from the \italic{File} menu card. See the \italic{ \helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document for more information on working with multiple files. \ \bold{Previewing.} You can see how your table will look in printed form (without the dotted lines and number labels) by choosing \bold{Preview} from the \italic{File} menu card. Preview also allows you to check that any styles you applied in text insets have not been applied to text outside the inset, which you cannot tell within the Table window. Choosing \bold{Preview} opens up a separate Preview window showing your table. For more information, see the \italic{ \helptopic{preview}} help document. \ \bold{Printing.} You can print your table by choosing the \bold{Print} option from either the \italic{File} menu card in Table or the front menu card in Preview. You can also use the \bold{Set Printer} option (described in the section on \bold{Pop-Up Menu Meanings}) to change the name of the printer where your file is sent for printing. \ } \section{Pop-Up Menu Meanings} \italic{Front Menu Card} \leftindent{\bold{Cut:} Removes the contents of a cell when the cell is selected. Removes rows or columns from the table if the entire row or column is selected. \bold{Copy: } Copies the contents of the selected cell(s), which can be all the cells in a row or column. }\ \leftindent{\bold{Paste:} Inserts cut or copied cells or rows/columns into a table document. The placement depends on the nature of the material being pasted. See the relevant sections above for details. You must have previously cut or copied something for \bold{Paste} to work.} \ \leftindent{\bold{Save:} Saves all changes in the file that you are editing. After your file has been saved, the message "Wrote file" appears in the response line, followed by the pathname of the file that was saved.} \leftindent{\bold{Switch file: } Replaces the current file in the buffer with a new file that you specify. A dialog box comes up, prompting you to save any changes before it switches to the new file. To learn what buffers are, and how they work in EZ, see the \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers}} help document. \bold{Write Table:} Functions like \bold{Save As}, except that it provides a default name on the message line of the form "Table\bold{N}.table," where \bold{N} is an integer. The first time you use Write Table in an editing session, \bold{N} is 1; \bold{N }increases with subsequent uses of \bold{Write Table}. You can accept the name provided or backspace over it to provide your own. \bold{Read Table:} Reads a Table file into the window, replacing the current file. Like Write Table, provides a default choice of the form "Table\bold{N}.table," which you can accept or backspace over to change. \ \bold{Write Troff:} creates a file containing all the troff commands necessary for printing out the table presently in the window. Provides a default name of the form "Table\bold{N}.trf," which you can accept or change. \bold{Rename:} not currently implemented.} \leftindent{\bold{Quit:} Quits all windows and buffers associated with the current Table process. (To learn what is meant by the terms "buffer" and "process," see the \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers}} help document.) If you try to quit without saving changes you have made to the text, the message \ \leftindent{You have unsaved changes; do you want to quit anyway? }\ appears in a dialog box. To save the changes you have made, click in the No box and then use \bold{Save} before trying to quit again. To quit without saving the changes you have made, move the round cursor into the Yes box and click the left mouse button. }\ \leftindent{If you have worked with more than one file during the EZ session and have not saved all of them, the dialog box may continue to appear even though you choose \bold{Save} in the current window before trying to quit. If you do not wish to save the changes you made to the other files, click in the Yes box. If you want to save the changes you made to all files, choose \bold{Save All} from the \italic{File} menu card. See the \italic{ \helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document for more information on working with multiple files.} \italic{Cells Menu Card} \leftindent{ \bold{Combine:} Combines the selected cells into a single cell. \bold{Separate:} Separates combined cells back into single cells. \bold{Draw Box:} Draws a darkened line or box over the selected line or box, so that the line or box will appear in printed output. \bold{Erase Box:} Erases the selected line or box that you previously drew in when they are selected. \bold{Lock:} Makes the selected cells read-only, which prevents you from editing them. To unlock cells, select them and use \bold{Unlock}. \bold{Unlock:} Unlocks the selected cells. \bold{Imbed:} Requests the name of the type of inset to be imbedded in the selected cell. Reply to the prompt: \leftindent{Data object to enter here (text): }\ by pressing Enter to imbed a text inset, or typing in the name of another type of inset and pressing Enter. Usually, it is a good idea to expand the cell when you are imbedding an inset so that you can see its cursor or caret clearly. You can then use \bold{Insert file} from the inset's menus to insert an existing file into the new inset. \bold{Reset Heights:} Automatically resets the height of all cells in the selected row(s). The height chosen for each row is the height needed to display its tallest cell. } \italic{Number Format Menu Card} \leftindent{You can control the format in which numbers are displayed using the options on this card. The possibilities are:} \leftindent{ \bold{General: }This is the default format. Numbers are printed with up to two digits after the decimal point. If there are no digits after the decimal, Table leaves space for them in the cell and does not fill in with 0's. If there are more than two digits after the decimal, Table rounds up as necessary. Although it does not display it, Table retains the exact value and uses it in calculations. \bold{Dollar: }A dollar sign is displayed before the number, and a decimal point and any necessary 0's are filled in. \ \bold{Percent: }The value in the cell is multiplied by 100 to get a percentage, and a percent sign is displayed after the number. \bold{Exp: }The number is displayed in exponential (scientific) notation. Not currently implemented. \bold{Fixed: }The number is displayed in fixed point notation, with two digits after the decimal point (this is like Dollar without the dollar sign). \bold{H-Bar: }The number is shown as a black bar extending from the left side of the cell. A value of 1.0 (or larger) fills the cell, 0.5 half-fills it, etc. If the number is negative, the bar extends from the right side of the cell. \bold{V-Bar: }The number is shown as a black bar extending from the bottom of the cell. A value of 1.0 (or larger) fills the cell, 0.5 half-fills it, etc. If the number is negative, the bar extends from the top of the cell. \bold{Precision: }For any of the formats listed above, you can have Table display more than two digits after the decimal. When you select this option, an "Enter precision:" prompt appears on the message line. Type the number of digits you would like to be displayed. Note that \bold{Precision} changes only the number of digits in the \italic{display}--when you enter a number into a cell, Table always stores as many digits as you type and uses them in calculations, even though it does not display more than two by default.} \italic{Date Format Menu Card} \leftindent{The \bold{Date Format} card offers options for formatting dates. Recall that when you enter a date, Table converts it into a number representing the number of days between it and 31 December 1899. You can then perform calculations on dates just as on any numbers. If you want to display dates as dates, you need to select the cell(s) containing the dates and choose one of the three options.} \leftindent{ \bold{19 June 1987:} Converts the date to day-month-year format. \bold{June 1987:} Converts the date to month-year format. \bold{19 June:} Converts the date to day-month format. } \ \italic{File Menu Card} \leftindent{ \bold{Save As:} Saves the current file with a new name. When the "Write to file:" prompt appears, it contains the pathname of the current file. To save the file with a new name, backspace over the old name, type in the new name, and press Enter. \bold{Save All:} Saves the changes to all of the files that are contained in buffers. (To learn what buffers are, and how to use them in EZ, see the \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document.) It also saves newly-created buffers into files if you have named them. Buffers that do not have names will not be saved.} \leftindent{\bold{Set Printer:} Lists the name of your default printer in the message line at the "Set printer to:" prompt and lets you change to a new printer by typing its name it and pressing Enter. \ \bold{Preview:} Starts the Preview program on the current document to show what the document will look like when it it printed. For more information, see the \italic{\helptopic{preview}} help document. \bold{Print:} Prints the document.} \ \section{List of operators and functions} \ \leftindent{\bold{Operators.} Table uses the following symbols for common mathematical operations. They are listed in order of binding precedence (that is, Table performs exponentiation first and does multiplication before addition, as in standard arithmetic). ^ exponentiation (so \bold{r^2} means ``r squared") \ - indicates a negative number *\bold{ } multiplication / division + addition - subtraction = equals > greater than < less than <> not-equals >= greater-or-equal <= less-or-equal\bold{ } The last six operators in the list are called "comparison operators." They tell Table to test if the indicated relationship is true of the elements (numbers or cells reference values) in the formula. Table displays a \bold{1} in the cell associated with the formula if the comparison is true and a \bold{0} for false. These operators can be used in sequence, so that \bold{a>b>c} is true only if \bold{b} is between \bold{a} and \bold{c}.} \leftindent{\bold{Functions.} In addition to the operators listed above, Table allows you to include all the following functions in formulas. The arguments (represented below as \italic{x} and \italic{y}) can be either numbers or cell references.} \leftindent{\bold{r }The formula cell's row number. \description{\bold{c }The formula cell's column number. (If you want to include these numbers themselves in a formula, do not put them in brackets as though they were a cell reference.} \bold{abs(}\italic{x}\bold{) }Absolute value of \italic{x}. \bold{floor(}\italic{x}\bold{) }Greatest integer less than or equal to \italic{x}. \bold{ceil(}\italic{x\bold{) }}Smallest integer greater than or equal to \italic{x}. \bold{exp(}\italic{x}\bold{)} \italic{e}\bold{^}\italic{x}, where \italic{e} is the base of natural logarithms. \bold{ln(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The natural log of \italic{x} \bold{log(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The Log base 10 of \italic{x}. \bold{sqrt(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The square root of \italic{x}. \bold{sin(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The sine of \italic{x}. (in radians) \bold{cos(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The cosine of \italic{x}. (in radians) \bold{asin(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The arc-sine of \italic{x}. (in radians) \bold{acos(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The arc-cosine of \italic{x}. (in radians) \bold{atan(}\italic{x}\bold{) }The arc-tangent of \italic{x}. (in radians) \bold{atan2(}\italic{x}\bold{,}\italic{y\bold{) }}The arc-tangent of \italic{x}/\italic{y} (in radians) \bold{pi }The value 3.14159... \bold{if(}\italic{test}\bold{,}\italic{x,y}\bold{) }If \italic{test} is nonzero, then \italic{x}, otherwise \italic{y}. \bold{false }The value 0. \bold{true }The value 1. \bold{rand }A random number between 0 and 1. \bold{not(}\italic{a}\bold{) }If \italic{a} is 0, then 1; otherwise 0. \bold{and(}\italic{a}\bold{,}\italic{b}\bold{) }If \italic{a} and \italic{b} are both non-zero, then 1, else 0. \bold{or(}\italic{a}\bold{,}\italic{b}\bold{) }If either \italic{a} or \italic{b} are non-zero, then 1. \bold{iserr(}\italic{x}\bold{) }If \italic{x} is an error value, then true, else false. \bold{isinf(}\italic{x}\bold{) }If \italic{x} is infinite, then true, else false. \bold{error }An error value. \description{\bold{date(}\italic{y}\bold{,}\italic{m}\bold{,}\italic{d}\ \bold{) }Number of days between December 31, 1899, and the date \italic{d}ay-\italic{m}onth-\italic{y}ear. The year must be between 1900 and 2099. Note that although this is similar to the format Lotus-123 uses, Lotus mistakenly thinks that 1900 is a leap year.} \bold{day(}\italic{x}\bold{) }If \italic{x} is a date as above, then the day of the month \italic{x} falls on. \bold{month(}\italic{x}\bold{) }If \italic{x} is a date, then the month \italic{x} falls in. \bold{year(}\italic{x\bold{) }}The year that the date \italic{x} falls in. \bold{today }The number of days between December 31, 1899 and current date. \bold{mod(}\italic{x},y\bold{) }The remainder when dividing \italic{x} by y. \bold{round(}\italic{x},\italic{d}\bold{) }\description{The number \italic{x}, rounded so there are \italic{d} digits after the decimal point. If d is negative, then the number is rounded the appropriate number of digits before the decimal point.}} \leftindent{\bold{Multiple argument functions.} The following functions can take multiple arguments, separated in a list by commas. The elements can be individual numbers and cell references, as well as "cell-ranges." A cell-range is a rectangle of cells, indicated by the cell references of its upper-left and lower-right corners. For example, the range \bold{[3,4]:[5,8]} includes all of the cells in rows 3 to 5 which are also in columns 4 to 8. }\ \bold{ }\leftindent{\description{\bold{sum(}\italic{list}\bold{) }The arithmetic sum of all the arguments in \italic{list}, which may include ranges. Separate arguments with commas. \bold{count(}\italic{list}\bold{) }The count of how many entries in \italic{list} (which may include ranges) are numbers. Strings, errors, and empty cells contained in ranges are not counted. \bold{min(}\italic{list\bold{) }}The minimum number in \italic{list}, which may include ranges. \bold{max(}\italic{list}\bold{) }The maximum number in \italic{list}, which may include ranges. \bold{ vlookup(}\italic{x,range}\bold{) }The first column of \italic{range} is scanned to find the last row whose value is less than or equal to \italic{x}; the corresponding entry of the last column of \italic{range} is the result.}} \section{Error Messages} \leftindent{An error value appears in a cell when Table cannot evaluate the formula you have entered. So that they can be displayed in the cells, error messages are only a single word. The following list explains in more detail what each message means. To remove error values, you select the cell and edit its formula.} \leftindent{ARITH! \ An arithmetic error occurred during evaluation of the formula. (Division by zero, however, may give the value INFINITY or INF.) CIRC! \ The cell's formula contains a reference to its own value, or to another cell which contains a reference to this cell or a circular reference all of its own, or so on. CELL! \ The cell's formula contains a reference to a nonexistent cell. DATE! \ A date is out of range (before 31 December 1899 or after 31 December 2099). ERROR! \ The formula contains an explicit "error" function call. LOOKUP! \ The vlookup function failed to find an appropriate argument in the left column of its lookup range. NOVAL! The formula in the cell refers to another cell containing a label or imbedded object. NULL! \ The cell contains a null formula. REF! \ The cell's formula contains a non-circular reference to another cell which also has an error. SYNTAX! \ The formula is not well-formed. \ VALUE! \ The cell contains an illegal argument type for a function, or is not numeric. }\section{Authors } \leftindent{Andrew Appel, John Howard}\leftindent{ } \section{Related Tools} Select (highlight) one of the italicized names and choose "Show Help on Selected Word" from the pop-up menu to see the help file for: \leftindent{\italic{\helptopic{ez} \helptopic{insets}}} \begindata{bp,538210560} \enddata{bp,538210560} \view{bpv,538210560,0,0,0} Copyright 1992 Carnegie Mellon University and IBM. All rights reserved. \smaller{\smaller{$Disclaimer: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice, this permission notice, and the following disclaimer appear in supporting documentation, and that the names of IBM, Carnegie Mellon University, and other copyright holders, not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. IBM, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY, AND THE OTHER COPYRIGHT HOLDERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL IBM, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY, OR ANY OTHER COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. $ }}\enddata{text,538389576}